Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Anaerobic Bacteria: Worrisome Developments

Hecht, David W.

doi:10.1086/421558

Cited by 150 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Frequently, the other species in the B. fragilis group are more resistant than B. fragilis to many antibiotics. Current antibiograms of anaerobic bacteria have been summa-rized and reviewed recently (114,115,256,258) and results of several studies have been collated in Table 3.…”

Section: Susceptibility Patterns Of Bacteroidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. fragilis is intrinsically resistant to several classes of structurally unrelated antibiotics (114), and the mechanisms are often poorly understood. Logically, resistance to any antimicrobial agent should be due to one of three mechanisms: altered target binding affinity, decreased penetration for the antibiotic due to permeability or efflux changes, or the presence of an inactivating enzyme.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

2007

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SUMMARY Summary: Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).

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Section: Susceptibility Patterns Of Bacteroidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

2007

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“…Susceptibility testing is generally not done in clinical laboratories, although resistance to antibiotics by C. clostridioforme has been noted, and some strains produce ␤-lactamase (2,6,13,24,25). In addition, C. clostridioforme strains produce a higher metabolic enzyme activity among the intestinal microflora, which leads to the generation of toxic or carcinogenic metabolites (22,28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium aldenense sp. nov. and Clostridium citroniae sp. nov. Isolated from Human Clinical Infections

Warren¹,

Tyrrell²,

Citron³

et al. 2006

J Clin Microbiol

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One hundred eight isolates were previously identified in our laboratory as Clostridium clostridioforme by colonial and cellular morphology, as well as biochemical tests. Recent studies have indicated that there are actually three different species in this C. clostridioforme group: C. hathewayi, C. bolteae, and C. clostridioforme. Our isolates were reexamined using biochemical and enzymatic tests and molecular methods. Forty-six isolates were reidentified as C. hathewayi, 34 as C. bolteae, five as C. clostridioforme, and one as C. symbiosum. Twenty-two strains were identified only to the genus level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and although they are microscopically and morphologically indistinguishable from the above-mentioned three species, they are phenotypically different and only 96 to 98% similar by gene sequencing. Twenty of these 22 strains were indole positive and formed two novel species. We propose Clostridium aldenense sp. nov. and Clostridium citroniae sp. nov. as names for these new species. They are differentiated from each other by results for raffinose, rhamnose, ␣-galactosidase, and ␤-galactosidase: positive, negative, positive, and positive, respectively, for the former species and negative, positive, negative, and negative, respectively, for the latter species. The type strain of C. aldenense is RMA 9741 (ATCC BAA-1318; CCUG 52204), and the type strain of C. citroniae is RMA 16102 (ATCC BAA-1317; CCUG 52203).

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“…Bu iki mekanizmanın beraber bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Antibiyotiğin aktif pompa ile dışarı atılması veya DNA'nın hızla yenilenmesinin de ilaca direncin gelişmesine yol açabileceği öne sürülmektedir 2,7,10 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Son yıllarda klindamisin ve beta-laktam gibi anaeroplara etki eden antibiyotiklere karşı giderek artan oranda direnç bildirilmiştir. Bu bakteriler karbapenemler, beta-laktam/beta-laktamaz inhibitörleri ve nitroimidazol gibi sınırlı sayıda antibiyotiklere duyarlıdırlar 2 . Ancak son zamanlarda bazı ülkelerde nadiren de olsa nitroimidazollere dirençli kökenler rapor edilmiştir [2][3][4][5] .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

The First Metronidazole-Resistant Bacteroides Species Isolated at Marmara University Hospital: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Ülger

Sayın²,

Soyad³

et al. 2013

Mikrobiyol Bul

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* Bu çalışma, XXXV. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi (3-7 Kasım 2012, Kuşadası, Aydın)'nde sunulmuş veThe American Society for Microbiology en iyi poster ödülüne layık görülmüştür. ÖZETİnsan bağırsak mikrobiyotasının önemli bir kısmını oluşturan Bacteroides türleri, ağır batın içi enfeksiyonları, cerrahi yara enfeksiyonları ve bakteriyemiye neden olabilirler. Ayrıca bu bakteriler, diğer anaerop bakterilere göre antibiyotiklere daha fazla dirençlidirler. Karbapenemler, beta-laktam/beta-laktamaz inhibitörleri ve nitroimidazol gibi sınırlı sayıda antibiyotikler Bacteroides türlerinin eliminasyonunda etkilidirler. Ancak son zamanlarda bazı ülkelerde nadiren de olsa nitroimidazollere dirençli Bacteroides kökenleri bildirilmiştir. Metronidazole direnç mekanizmasının çoğunda nim genleri (nim A-G) suçlanmaktadır. Bu raporda, kan kültüründen izole edilen metronidazole dirençli bir Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron kökeni bildirilmektedir. Pankreas başı adenokarsinomu tanısı alan 62 yaşındaki erkek hastanın cerrahi girişim sonrası 5. günde, kan kültüründen gram-negatif zorunlu anaerop bir çomak izole edilmiştir. Geleneksel testler ve ticari biyokimyasal kitler kullanılarak köken, B.thetaiotaomicron olarak tanımlanmıştır. İzolatın antimikrobiyal duyarlılık paterni agar dilüsyon yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Direnç genleri, nim genine özgül primer çiftleri kullanılarak polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) ile araştırılmıştır. Saflaştırılan PCR ürünü dizilenmiş ve GenBank'da bulunan dizilerle karşılaştırılarak analizi yapılmıştır. Metronidazolün MİK değeri 16 mg/L olarak tespit edilmiştir. Köken CLSI kriterlerine göre ara değerde (intermediate) olmakla beraber, EUCAST kriterlerine göre dirençli (> 4 mg/L) bulunmuştur. Bakteride nim geni saptanmış; yapılan dizi analizinde, PCR ürününün nimE geni (emb|AM042593.1|) ile %100 benzer olduğu görülmüştür. DiğerGeliş Tarihi

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Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Anaerobic Bacteria: Worrisome Developments

Cited by 150 publications

References 46 publications

Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

Clostridium aldenense sp. nov. and Clostridium citroniae sp. nov. Isolated from Human Clinical Infections

The First Metronidazole-Resistant Bacteroides Species Isolated at Marmara University Hospital: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

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