Prevalence of Antibodies against Canine Distemper Virus among Red Foxes in Luxembourg

Landscape Structures Affect Risk of Canine Distemper in Urban Wildlife

“…The direct transmission of diseases is driven by contact rates between hosts, which depend on the ecology of both the host species and the disease (Tompkins et al, 2011). For instance, the infection duration and the way of spreading the disease to other individuals can vary with age (Damien et al, 2002;Lloyd-Smith et al, 2005;Kramer-Schadt et al, 2009). Such variation is often not due to age per se but to other reasons related to age such as the acquired immune system or different types of social interactions.…”

Wild canids, domestic dogs and their pathogens in Southeast Brazil: disease threats for canid conservation

“…Studies in other areas reported antibodies for CDV and mortality caused by distemper in wild canids (e.g. Alexander and Appel 1994;Laurenson et al 1998;Damien et al 2002;van de Bildt et al 2002;Martino et al 2004;Deem and Emmons 2005;Timm et al 2009), and recent case reports confirmed natural infection of CDV in crab-eating foxes and hoary foxes in Brazil, with phylogenetic analyses of the viruses implicating domestic dogs as the source of infection (Megid et al 2009(Megid et al , 2010.…”

“…No environment remains unaffected by emerging or re-emerging wildlife pathogens (Dobson and Foufopoulos 2001), and as shown throughout the world (e.g. Africa, Europe and North America) (Gascoyne et al 1993;Damien et al 2002;Mech et al 2008). There is therefore an urgent need to understand threats, dynamics and impacts, as well as prevalence and distribution of infectious diseases also in South American wildlife.…”

“…A wide array of pathogens has been reported to affect wild canids (see Murray et al 1999), some of which have been responsible for important declines of endangered species. Examples include rabies in African wild dogs Lycaon pictus (Gascoyne et al 1993) and Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis (Randall et al 2004), canine parvovirus in wolves Canis lupus from the USA (Mech and Goyal 1993;Mech et al 2008) and Italy (Martinello et al 1997), canine distemper virus in African wild dogs (Alexander and Appel 1994;van de Bildt et al 2002), European red foxes Vulpes vulpes (Damien et al 2002) and Santa Catalina Island foxes Urocyon littoralis catalinae (Timm et al 2009). Furthermore, in South America some studies have confirmed the presence of disease threats such as distemper and parvovirus to wild canids (e.g.…”

Exposure of pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the Southern region of Brazil to Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine parvovirus (CPV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV)

“…These agents have been reported in several wild canid species around the world. Exposure to CDV and CPV have already been detected in wolves (C. lupus) (Goyal et al, 1986;Mech et al, 1986;Mech et al, 1997) as well as in some fox species such as Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Damien et al., 2002). Infection and clinical signs of disease due to CPV were found in jackals (Canis aureus, Canis adustus, Canis mesomelas), grey foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica), Asiatic raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides; Steinel et al, 2001), and wild African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus; Steinel et al, 2001).…”