Prevalence of Antibodies to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Oklahoma and Texas, USA

Starkey, Lindsay A.; West, Misti D.; Barrett, Anne W.; Saucier, Jill; O’Connor, Tony; Paras, Kelsey L.; Reiskind, Michael H.; Reichard, Mason V.; Little, Susan E.

doi:10.7589/2012-08-215

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The Ehrlichia rrs detected in one A. sculptum adult and nymph, one A. parvum and one Amblyomma larvae pool were closely related to E. canis ( 12 ). In the USA, specific antibodies to E. canis were detected in 18% (9/50) coyotes sampled in Texas and Oklahoma, USA, using a p16 peptide-based microtiter plate ELISA ( 79 ).…”

Section: Molecular Prevalence and Diversity Of Tick-borne Anaplasmatamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

André

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Recently, the incidence and awareness of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals have increased due to several factors, which in association favor the chances of contact among wild animals and their ectoparasites, domestic animals and humans. Wild and domestic carnivores are considered the primary source of tick-borne zoonotic agents to humans. Among emergent tick-borne pathogens, agents belonging to family Anaplasmataceae (Order Rickettsiales) agents stand out due their worldwide distribution and zoonotic potential. In this review we aimed to review the genetic diversity of the tick-transmitted genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” in wild carnivores Caniformia (Canidae, Mustelidae and Ursidae) and Feliformia (Felidae, Hyanidae, Procyonidae and Viverridae) worldwide, discussing the implications for human and domestic animal health and wildlife conservation. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been identified as hosts for Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum, Anaplasma ovis, A. platys), Ehrlichia canis and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” (FU98 strain) and may contribute to the maintaenance of A. phagocytophilum in Europe. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been reported as hosts for E. canis, A. bovis, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” and A. phagocytophilum, and play a role in the maintenance of A. phagocytophilum in the USA. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) may play a role as hosts for A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum. New Ehrlichia and/or Anaplasma genotypes circulate in wild canids and felids from South America and Africa. While Ehrlichia sp. closely related to E. canis has been reported in wild felids from Brazil and Japan, Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. phagocytophilum has been detected in wild felids from Brazil and Africa. Red foxes and mustelids (otters) are exposed to E. canis in countries located in the Mediaterranean basin, probably as a consequence of spillover from domestic dogs. Similarly, E. canis occurs in procyonids in North (raccoons in USA, Spain) and South (Nasua nasua in Brazil) Hemispheres, in areas where E. canis is frequent in dogs. While “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” seems to be a common and specific agent of raccoons in the USA, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” (FU98 strain) seems to show a broader range of hosts, since it has been detected in red fox, golden jackal (Canis aureus) and badger (Meles meles) in Europe so far. Brown (Ursus arctos) and black (Ursus americanus) bears seem to play a role as hosts for A. phagocytophilum in the North Hemisphere. Anaplasma bovis has been detected in wild Procyonidae, Canidae and Felidae in Asia and Brazil. In order to assess the real identity of the involved agents, future works should benefit from the application of MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing), WGS (Whole Genome Sequencing) and NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) technologies aiming at shedding some light on the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of Anaplasmataceae agents.

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Section: Molecular Prevalence and Diversity Of Tick-borne Anaplasmatamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

André

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…“R. amblyommii” can stimulate an immune response in both canids [39, 43, 44], but there is no evidence to support the pathogenicity of C . “R.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synanthropic Mammals as Potential Hosts of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Panama

et al. 2017

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Synanthropic wild mammals can be important hosts for many vector-borne zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was determine the exposure of synanthropic mammals to two types of tick-borne pathogens in Panama, spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) and Borrelia relapsing fever (RF) spirochetes. One hundred and thirty-one wild mammals were evaluated, including two gray foxes, two crab-eating foxes (from zoos), four coyotes, 62 opossum and 63 spiny rats captured close to rural towns. To evaluate exposure to SFGR, serum samples from the animals were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Rickettsia rickettsii and Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii antigen. Immunoblotting was performed using Borrelia turicatae protein lysates and rGlpQ, to assess infection caused by RF spirochetes. One coyote (25%) and 27 (43%) opossums showed seroreactivity to SFGR. Of these opossums, 11 were seroreactive to C. R. amblyommii. Serological reactivity was not detected to B. turicatae in mammal samples. These findings may reflect a potential role of both mammals in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens in Panama.

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“…Establishing baseline distribution maps and updating historical maps are critical to understanding how tick populations are spread over diverse eco‐zones as well as evaluating changes in the potential risk for specific tick‐borne diseases in a specific geographic area. Given the dramatic increase of tick‐borne diseases in human and animal populations in Oklahoma over the last 15 years (Openshaw et al , Dahlgren et al , Starkey et al , Little et al , Carmichael et al ), it is critical to understand where the tick species that are responsible for transmitting specific pathogens are distributed. By using active surveillance, the current study added an additional 18 counties of reported and established populations to the list compiled from published studies for distribution of D. variabilis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of tick‐borne disease continues to increase in humans and companion animals in the United States (CDC ). One area of concern is the south‐central region of the U.S. that has seen an increase in ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and tularemia among human populations, and ehrlichiosis and hepatozoonosis among veterinary species (Openshaw et al , Dahlgren et al , Starkey et al , Carmichael et al , Little et al ). While it is apparent that the incidence of these diseases is increasing, the distribution maps for principal tick vectors in this region are not available, are outdated, or are based on passive collections (Dennis et al , Cortinas and Spomer , James et al , Eisen et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active surveillance to update county scale distribution of four tick species of medical and veterinary importance in Oklahoma

Mitcham

Barrett

Gruntmeir

et al. 2017

Journal of Vector Ecology

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The incidence of tick-borne disease continues to increase in humans and companion animals in the United States, yet distribution maps for several tick vectors in Oklahoma, including Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor albipictus, Ixodes scapularis, and Amblyomma maculatum, are not available or are outdated. To address this issue, county-scale tick records from peer-reviewed literature and passive collections were reviewed for Oklahoma. Additionally, dry ice traps, tick drags, and harvested deer were utilized to actively collect adult ticks throughout the state. Through these methods, D. variabilis, D. albipictus, I. scapularis, and A. maculatum were identified in 88% (68/77), 45.4% (35/77), 66.2% (51/77), and 64.9% (50/77) of the counties in Oklahoma, respectively. Baseline maps were developed for the distribution of D. variabilis and D. albipictus and distribution maps were updated for I. scapularis and A. maculatum. This data confirms that these four species of ticks continue to be widespread within Oklahoma with a western expansion of the range of I. scapularis within the state. These results assist efforts to better understand the epidemiology of the different diseases caused by pathogens transmitted by these tick species within the Great Plains region. Journal of Vector Ecology 42 (1): 60-73. 2017.

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Prevalence of Antibodies to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Oklahoma and Texas, USA

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

Synanthropic Mammals as Potential Hosts of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Panama

Active surveillance to update county scale distribution of four tick species of medical and veterinary importance in Oklahoma

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