Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016

Maenner, Matthew J.; Shaw, Kelly A.; Baio, Jon; Washington, Anita; Patrick, Mary; DiRienzo, Monica; Christensen, Deborah; Wiggins, Lisa D.; Pettygrove, Sydney; Andrews, Jennifer; Lopez, Maya; Hudson, Allison; Baroud, Thaer; Schwenk, Yvette D; White, Tiffany; Rosenberg, Cordelia Robinson; Lee, Li‐Ching; Harrington, Rebecca A.; Huston, Margaret C.; Hewitt, Amy; Esler, Amy; Hall-Lande, Jennifer; Poynter, Jenny N.; Hallas-Muchow, Libby; Constantino, John N.; Fitzgerald, Robert T.; Zahorodny, Walter; Shenouda, Josephine; Daniels, Julie L.; Warren, Zachary; Vehorn, Alison; Salinas, Angelica; Durkin, Maureen S.; Dietz, Patricia M.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1

Cited by 2,233 publications

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“…This study had several limitations that warrant discussion. First, our sample was male-biased, and our validity analyses were conducted only in males, in keeping with ASD's prevalence (4:1, M:F) [Maenner et al, 2020]. However, growing evidence indicates that female children with ASD need to display higher levels of autistic traits to garner medical attention, and tend to be diagnosed at later ages than males on the spectrum [Loomes, Hull, & Polmear Locke Mandy, 2017], suggesting that ASD may be underdetected in female children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent (1 in 54 U.S. children), male-biased (4:1, M:F), and poorly understood neurodevelopmental condition characterized by core social interaction impairments and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors [American Psychiatric Association, 2013;Maenner et al, 2020]. Progress in detecting and treating ASD has been impeded by the difficulty of studying disease biology directly in human patients and reliance on model organisms in which control animals lack the sophisticated social skills and cognitive abilities critical for modeling behavioral symptoms relevant to human ASD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Psychometrically Robust Screening Tool To Rapidly Identify Socially Impaired Monkeys In The General Population

et al. 2020

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Naturally low‐social rhesus macaques exhibit social impairments with direct relevance to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To more efficiently identify low‐social individuals in a large colony, we exploited, refined, and psychometrically assessed the macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS), an instrument previously derived from the human ASD screening tool. We performed quantitative social behavior assessments and mSRS ratings on a total of N = 349 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed in large, outdoor corrals. In one cohort (N = 116), we conducted inter‐rater and test‐retest reliabilities, and in a second cohort (N = 233), we evaluated the convergent construct and predictive validity of the mSRS‐Revised (mSRS‐R). Only 17 of the original 36 items demonstrated inter‐rater and test–retest reliability, resulting in the 17‐item mSRS‐R. The mSRS‐R showed strong validity: mSRS‐R scores robustly predicted monkeys' social behavior frequencies in home corrals. Monkeys that scored 1.5 standard deviations from the mean on nonsocial behavior likewise exhibited significantly more autistic‐like traits, and mSRS‐R scores predicted individuals' social classification (low‐social vs. high‐social) with 96% accuracy (likelihood ratio chi‐square = 25.07; P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that the mSRS‐R is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of social functioning, and like the human SRS, can be used as a high‐throughput screening tool to identify socially impaired individuals in the general population. Lay Summary Variation in autistic traits can be measured in humans using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Here, we revised this scale for rhesus macaques (i.e., the mSRS‐R), and showed that macaques exhibit individual differences in mSRS‐R scores, and at the behavioral extremes, low‐social vs. high‐social monkeys exhibit more autistic‐like traits. These results suggest that the mSRS‐R can be used as a screening tool to rapidly and accurately identify low‐social monkeys in the general population. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1465–1475. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychometrically Robust Screening Tool To Rapidly Identify Socially Impaired Monkeys In The General Population

et al. 2020

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“…Recent prevalence estimates suggest that Hispanics represent the fastest growing population in ASD (Maenner et al . 2020). Unfortunately, several studies document that US service systems may not meet the needs of Hispanic/Latinx children with IDD and report disparities in identification, diagnosis and treatment (Liptak et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the impact of COVID‐19 in ethnically diverse families with young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Neece

McIntyre

Fenning

2020

J intellect Disabil Res

286

302

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Background The COVID‐19 pandemic introduced challenges to families with young children with developmental delays. Beyond the widespread concerns surrounding illness, loss of employment and social isolation, caregivers are responsible for overseeing their children's educational and therapeutic programmes at home often without the much needed support of professionals. Method The present study sought to examine the impact of COVID‐19 in 77 ethnically, linguistically and socioeconomically diverse families with young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) in California and Oregon, who were participating in larger intervention studies. Parents responded to five interview questions about the impact of the pandemic, services for their child, silver linings or positive aspects, coping and their concerns about the long‐term impact of the pandemic. Results Parents reported that their biggest challenge was being at home caring for their children with the loss of many essential services. Parents reported some positive aspects of the pandemic, especially being together as a family. Although there were positive aspects of the situation, many parents expressed concern about long‐term impacts of the pandemic on their children's development, given the loss of services, education and social engagement opportunities. Conclusion Results suggest that parents of young children with IDD report significant challenges at home during the pandemic. Professional support, especially during the reopening phases, will be critical to support family well‐being and child developmental outcomes.

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“…Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, and are accompanied by excessively repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and insistence on sameness [American Psychiatric Association, 2013]. The reported prevalence of ASD was 1 in 54 among 8-year-old children in 2020 [Maenner, Shaw, Baio, Patrick, et al, 2020], and is predicted to continue to rise [Christensen et al, 2016]. The exact causes of ASD are unclear but are thought to involve both genetic and environmental factors [Kim & Leventhal, 2015].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2020

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Alterations in the gut microbiota may influence gastrointestinal (GI) dysbiosis frequently reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we sequenced the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to evaluate changes in fecal microbiota between 48 children with ASD and 48 healthy children in China. At the phylum level, the number of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia decreased in children with ASD, while the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes was significantly higher in autistic children due to enrichment of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, the amount of Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, and Megamonas increased, while Clostridium XlVa, Eisenbergiella, Clostridium IV, Flavonifractor, Escherichia/Shigella, Haemophilus, Akkermansia, and Dialister decreased in children with ASD relative to the controls. Significant increase was observed in the number of species synthesizing branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), like Bacteroides vulgatus and Prevotella copri, while the numbers of Bacteroides fragilis and Akkermansia muciniphila decreased in children with ASD compared to the controls. Most importantly, the highest levels of pathogenic bacteria were different for each child with ASD in this cohort. We found that only one functional module, cellular antigens, was enriched in children with ASD, and other pathways like lysine degradation and tryptophan metabolism were significantly decreased in children with ASD. These findings provide further evidence of altered gut microbiota in Chinese ASD children and may contribute to the treatment of patients with ASD. Lay Summary This study characterized the gut bacteria composition of 48 children with ASD and 48 neurotypical children in China. The metabolic disruptions caused by altered gut microbiota may contribute significantly to the neurological pathophysiology of ASD, including significant increases in the number of species synthesizing BCAAs, and decreases in the number of probiotic species. These findings suggest that a gut microbiome‐associated therapeutic intervention may provide a novel strategy for treating GI symptoms frequently seen in individuals with ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1614–1625. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016

Cited by 2,233 publications

References 22 publications

A Psychometrically Robust Screening Tool To Rapidly Identify Socially Impaired Monkeys In The General Population

A Psychometrically Robust Screening Tool To Rapidly Identify Socially Impaired Monkeys In The General Population

Examining the impact of COVID‐19 in ethnically diverse families with young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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