Prevalence of Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Hospital Water and Surfaces

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a worldwide environmental and public health problem, causing more than 250,000 deaths per year. Unregulated usage, unsafe hospital practices, and misuse in veterinary contribute to the development of multidrug resistance in various bacteria. Hospital water was hypothesized to be a hotspot for AMR transmission because of (1) increased exposure to antibiotic load, (2) poor drainage and sanitation system, (3) interaction between environmental and clinical microbes. The purpose of the research was to assess the biodiversity and AMR in hospital tap waters. MethodologyIn this study, the microflora of the hospital tap water and hospital surfaces was observed by obtaining water samples from the intensive care unit (ICU), surgical wards, and washrooms. These were processed through membrane filtration and spread on seven different

Assessment of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and surface modification potential in hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae

“…The characterization of the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae environmental strains was performed by testing antibiotics of clinical relevance. Surprisingly, the tested strains showed susceptibility to the majority of the antibiotics, which differs from the results reported in other studies [ 14 , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] ]. In this context, it is plausible to hypothesize that the points of access to drinking water within the hospital environment, such as taps, showers, and sinks, could serve as critical entry points for external environmental bacteria introduction into the hospital environment.…”

Colonisation of extended spectrum β-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria on hospital surfaces from low-/middle-income countries

“…Contrary to results from a hospital surface screen of multiple wards in a hospital in Ghana 1 , we showed lower prevalence of blaNDM (n=338/6,290 samples, 5.4%). Nevertheless, the prevalence of this gene particularly in Pakistan (n=162/1,033, 15.7%) was in-line with a study from several hospitals in the same country 42 . blaKPC is not common in Africa or South Asia 7,30 , which this study also confirmed; however, blaKPC was detected from neonatal cots in Tanzania in 2021 17 and blaKPC K. pneumoniae was found on pillows and the floor in three hospitals in Bangladesh 43 .…”

Hospital Acquired Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Clinical and Hospital Water Samples of Quetta Balochistan

“…BlaSHV and blaTEM were shown to impart resistance to several antibiotics in their investigation, and they were the most widespread in E. coli , which contained the highest number of resistance genes, including blaCTXM, blaOXA, and blaNDM . [ 33 ].…”

“…Lyimo et al [32] studied the prevalence of blacCTX-M-19 widespread in E. coli, which contained the highest number of resistance genes, including blaCTXM, blaOXA, and blaNDM. [33].…”