Prevalence of Bacterial Contamination with Antibiotic Resistant and Enterotoxigenic Fecal Coliforms in Treated Drinking Water

Pathak, S. P.; Gopal, Krishna

doi:10.1080/15287390701838796

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, Toroglu et al (2005) has been reported that 40% of the coliforms isolated from a river in southern Turkey showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). On the other hand, Pathak and Gopak (2008) have reported that coliforms identified as E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., and Citrobacter sp. were present in treated drinking water samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey

et al. 2009

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We aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern region of Turkey. A total of 183 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was detected in 58%, 51.9%, 24%, 28.4%, and 12.5%, respectively. Twelve (6.5%) phylogenetically distant organisms were detected to harbor self-transmissible plasmids ranging 52 to >147 kb in sizes. Resistances to ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid were commonly transferable traits. Transferable nalidixic acid-resistant strains harbored qnrS gene, which was the first report of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in bacteria of environmental origin in Turkey. Fourteen and five coliforms harbored class 1 and class 2 integrons, respectively, and some of them were located on transferable plasmids. Sequence analyses of variable regions of the class 1 and 2 integrons harbored various gene cassettes, dfrA1, dfr2d, dfrA7, dfrA16, dfrA17, aadA1, aadA5, bla(oxA-30), and sat1. A gene cassette array, dfrA16 has been demonstrated for the first time in a Citrobacter koseri isolate. Class 1 and class 2-bearing strains were clustered in different groups by BOX-PCR fingerprinting. Rivers in the northern Turkey may act as receptacle for the multi-drug resistant enterobacteria and can serve as reservoirs of the antimicrobial resistance determinants in the environment. The actual risk to public health is the transfer of resistance genes from the environmental bacteria to human pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey

et al. 2009

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“…A number of previous studies have reported that ARB are common in drinking water (2,3,19,25,33). We added to these studies by testing water both before and after treatment, as well as tap water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution Systems

Xi¹,

Zhang²,

Marrs³

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

448

239

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The occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are pressing public health problems worldwide, and aquatic ecosystems are a recognized reservoir for ARB. We used culture-dependent methods and quantitative molecular techniques to detect and quantify ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in source waters, drinking water treatment plants, and tap water from several cities in Michigan and Ohio. We found ARGs and heterotrophic ARB in all finished water and tap water tested, although the amounts were small. The quantities of most ARGs were greater in tap water than in finished water and source water. In general, the levels of bacteria were higher in source water than in tap water, and the levels of ARB were higher in tap water than in finished water, indicating that there was regrowth of bacteria in drinking water distribution systems. Elevated resistance to some antibiotics was observed during water treatment and in tap water. Water treatment might increase the antibiotic resistance of surviving bacteria, and water distribution systems may serve as an important reservoir for the spread of antibiotic resistance to opportunistic pathogens.The occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are pressing public health problems worldwide, and aquatic ecosystems are a recognized reservoir for ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (4,6,8,11,12,15,39). Naturally occurring ARB and ARGs in the aquatic environment are selected for and enriched for by antibiotics found in sewage and agricultural runoff, which result from the widespread and increased use of antibiotics (4,11,12,15,38). Historically, concerns about the microbial quality of drinking water have focused on the occurrence of pathogens in drinking water distribution systems (5, 34). However, the presence of trace levels of antibiotics and ARB in source water and finished drinking water may also greatly affect public health and is an emerging issue for the general public and the drinking water industry (3,30). Although several studies have detected ARB in drinking water systems (2,3,20,30,38), most previous studies focused on cultivable bacteria and/or indicator organisms. Little is known about the fate of ARGs in drinking water systems, and it was recently proposed that ARGs are emerging contaminants (24).We used culture-dependent methods and molecular techniques to investigate the prevalence and dynamics of heterotrophic ARB and ARGs in a drinking water source (source RW-P) and treated drinking water (source DW-P) (see Materials and Methods in the supplemental material). We tested water from a drinking water plant located in Michigan and tap water from several small cities located in Michigan and Ohio (sources TW-1, TW-2, TW-3, and TW-4). Two independent samples were collected each time at each collection site at three different times, and we used four replicates from each sample for tests. We tested bacterial resistance to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin (amoxicilline), chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampi...

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“…The present study also revealed that 23% piped supply and 20% groundwater samples from hand pumps as well as tube wells has been found to be bacteriologically contaminated in the Lucknow City (Table 2). Our earlier studies also showed prevalence of bacterial Values are as micrograms per litre based on triplicate analysis; RSD is less than 9% ND not detected a Five samples were analyzed from each location contamination in chlorinated piped water supplies (Pathak and Gopal 2008). For bacterial contamination of water, broken pipes and loose joints in the distribution system are also responsible for seepage and back suction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Earlier studies performed in this area were mainly for parameters of bacteriological quality (Pathak and Gopal 2008;Grover and Thakur 2001;Ramteke et al 1992), physicochemical (Jameel 2002), heavy metals (Dixit et al 2003) and pesticide residue analysis (Sankararamakrishnana et al 2005). However, adequate information is not available on the status of urban drinking water quality in the tropics with respect to contamination with bacteria, pesticides and heavy metals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on urban drinking water quality in a tropical zone

Mudiam

Pathak

Gopal

et al. 2011

Environ Monit Assess

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Anthropogenic activities associated with industrialization, agriculture and urbanization have led to the deterioration in water quality due to various contaminants. To assess the status of urban drinking water quality, samples were collected from the piped supplies as well as groundwater sources from different localities of residential, commercial and industrial areas of Lucknow City in a tropical zone of India during pre-monsoon for estimation of coliform and faecal coliform bacteria, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals. Bacterial contamination was found to be more in the samples from commercial areas than residential and industrial areas. OCPs like α,γ-hexachlorocyclohexane and 1,1 p,p-DDE {dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethene)} were found to be present in most of the samples from study area. The total organochlorine pesticide levels were found to be within the European Union limit (0.5 μg/L) in most of the samples. Most of the heavy metals estimated in the samples were also found to be within the permissible limits as prescribed by World Health Organization for drinking water. Thus, these observations show that contamination of drinking water in urban areas may be mainly due to municipal, industrial and agricultural activities along with improper disposal of solid waste. This is an alarm to safety of public health and aquatic environment in tropics.

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Prevalence of Bacterial Contamination with Antibiotic Resistant and Enterotoxigenic Fecal Coliforms in Treated Drinking Water

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey

Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey

Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution Systems

Studies on urban drinking water quality in a tropical zone

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