Prevalence of black stain and associated risk factors in preschool <scp>S</scp>panish children

Martín, José Manuel García; García, María Fernández; Lestón, Juan Manuel Seoane; Pendás, Santiago Llorente; Martín, Juan José Díaz; García-Pola, María

doi:10.1111/ped.12066

Cited by 28 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…BS is a common finding in children; however it can be also seen in adults [3]. Studies have shown equal prevalence in both sexes [4, 5]. The characterization of factors contributing to the formation of BS and its nature has become of interest since association between the presence of BS and lower caries experience in children was noted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not clear how the presence of BS on the tooth surface reduces susceptibility to caries. The dominant occurrence on smooth surfaces was not associated with lower caries experience on these surfaces which implies that caries resistance in children with BS is a result of a general lower caries activity rather than a localized effect [4, 5, 9, 14–19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Żyła

Kawala

Antoszewska-Smith

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Żyła

Kawala

Antoszewska-Smith

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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“…A population study in a birth cohort showed that when the researchers controlled for potential confounding and mediator factors, the presence of BS could have a protective effect for the occurrence of dental caries in primary dentition (age 5) 14 . In contrast, other studies have not revealed such protective effects 15,16 . It is important to point out that these studies have not controlled for potential risk indicators that could be associated with either black stains or dental caries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 40%

“…Another hypothesis is related to a probable higher content of total calcium and inorganic phosphates in the group of children with black spots 21 , which could reduce the caries occurrence by reducing the dissolution of enamel, allowing the maintenance of a more stable pH, and providing higher buffer capacity of saliva 22 . The regular consumption of iron-rich foods or iron supplements during early childhood could be reasons for favoring chromogenic microbiota development 16 . Lactoferrin, a major iron-binding protein constituent of milk and cheese, has antibacterial activity against S. mutans, preventing dental caries development 23 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2016

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Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of black stains (BS) and factors associated with their occurrence and to investigate the association of BS with caries experience after adjusting for other risk indicators. A school-based, cross-sectional study using multistage sampling of children aged 10-12 years from 20 private and public schools in Pelotas/Southern Brazil was conducted (n = 706). Children were evaluated for BS and dental caries (DMFT/dmft index) and socioeconomic information was collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions were used to assess variables associated with the prevalence of BS and with caries experience. The prevalence of BS was 5.81%. The mean DMFT/dmft was 1.54 (±1.91), with a maximum value of 10. Among the children with BS, mean dmft/DMFT was 1.22 (SD 1.68), with a maximum value of 6. After adjustments for demographics and socioeconomic variables, dental plaque and tooth brushing habits, prevalence of BS was associated with lower caries experience (RR 0.67; 95%CI 0.49-0.92).In conclusion, the presence of BS showed an association with lower dental caries experience in the evaluated population. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms behind this association.

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“…Ferric sulfi de can be formed by the reaction between hydrogen sulfi de produced by bacterial action and iron in the saliva or gingival sulcus fl uid. In one study, a group of 6-year-old Spanish children with black stain had consumed a signifi cantly higher proportion of iron supplements than children without black stains 8 . Chromogenic bacteria are also an etiologic factor in the production of black pigment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain

Prskalo

Sever

Alerić

et al. 2017

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SUMMARY -Th e aim of the study was to show whether there is any infl uence of food, drink or drug intake on the formation of tooth discoloration. A total of 500 patients aged 15-25 years were examined to take part in the study. Of these, 60 patients were selected and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 included patients with black pigmentation on vestibular/oral tooth surfaces. Group 2 included patients without discoloration (control). Data were recorded in a questionnaire. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine elements in discoloration samples. Th e Caries Risk Test (CRT) buff er was used to assess buff er capacity of saliva, while CRT bacteria were used to determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Statistically signifi cant betweengroup diff erences were found for the intake of collard greens and beets (p<0.05), but not for other vegetables. As for drink consumption, patients with pigmentation reported less wine intake (p<0.05) than those without pigmentation. Th ere was no diff erence according to drug intake between patients with and without pigmentation. Patients with pigmentation were older, smoked and had lower saliva pH with lower presence of Streptococcus mutans than those without pigmentation (p<0.05). In tooth discoloration samples, there were traces of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc. Th e appearance of tooth discoloration is infl uenced by many factors, among which diet and saliva seem to be very important. Our study showed that patients with black pigmentation used to take more beets, while patients without pigmentation were taking more collard greens and red wine.

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Prevalence of black stain and associated risk factors in preschool Spanish children

Abstract: The regular consumption of foods rich in iron and the use of iron supplements during pregnancy and early childhood, could favor the development of chromogenic microbiota. The prevalence of black stain did not differ significantly between non-emigrant and immigrant children in Spain.

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain

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