Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Prihartono, Nurhayati; Djuwita, Ratna; Mahmud, Putri B.; Haryanto, Budi; Helda, Helda; Wahyono, Tri Yunis Miko; Dignam, Timothy

doi:10.3390/ijerph16071276

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moreover, dust and Pb particles can be transferred to a wider community by workers, if they are not taking correct precautions and safety steps (45). In developing countries, unregulated lead-acid batteries recycling practices are a major source of Pb toxicity and environmental accumulation (22,34). In the USA lead-acid batteries' manufacturing and recycling factories are still considered a source of contamination of the soil, air and water despite all the regulations and monitoring by the EPA (45).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Lead Toxicity in Adolescents in Kuwait

Jallad

Rao

Rahman

2020

Preprint

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Background: Environmental lead (Pb) exposure is a public health problem in many developing and industrialized countries. Being a petrochemical industry-based economy, Pb levels are expected to be high in Kuwait but systematic data on population exposure are lacking. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Pb toxicity in adolescents in Kuwait.Methods: Adolescents (N=1385; age range 11-16 years) were cross-sectionally selected from public middle schools from all Governorates of Kuwait, utilizing multi-stage cluster random sampling. Pb in whole blood was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Pb levels among Governorates and genders were compared by median test and the prevalence of Pb levels above the CDC cutoff (≥5 µg/dL) was estimated by x2 test. Multiple logistic regression was used for association between prevalence of high Pb levels and Governorate.Results: Median (IQR) Pb was 5.1(3.6 – 7.1) µg/dL [4.9 (3.8 6.5) µg/dL in males and 5.4 (3.3-7.6) µg/dL in females; p=0.001]. In the overall sample, 51% had Pb levels ≥5 µg/dL; 13% were ≥10 µg/dL and 3% >20 µg/dL. Prevalence of Pb ≥5 µg/dL was 47% in males and 56% in females (p<0.001). High Pb levels were clustered in Al-Asima and Al-Ahmadi (in both genders); Al-Jahra (in males) and Mubarak Al-Kabeer (in females) Governorates.Conclusion: Pb exposure is a significant public health problem in adolescents in Kuwait. Urgent public health intervention is required in high Pb exposure areas and further research is needed to identify the sources of exposure in these areas for prevention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Lead Toxicity in Adolescents in Kuwait

Jallad

Rao

Rahman

2020

Preprint

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“…25 A study on 1-to 5-year-old children living near and distance from lead-acid battery recycling (Jakarta) revealed that 47% of children had BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL and 9% had BLLs ≥10 μg/dL. 26…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Hazards for Workers in The Battery Factories and Phosphate Fertilizers: Brief Review and Case Presentation

Hattab

2023

IJCOM

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Background: Workers in the battery factory and phosphate fertilizer industry are exposed to harmful sulfuric acid and metal vapors in manufacturing units. Aims: To describe dental, oral, and general health hazards to underappreciated workers in these industries and factors associated with the occurrence and severity. Methods: Dental and oral conditions of workers in the production lines were determined by using indices for teeth erosion, oral hygiene, and gingival health. Interviews and questionnaires were used to assess the general health problems, habits, oral hygiene practices, years of service, protective and safety measures, etc. Results: Results: Surveys show that 67%–86% of production line workers experience symptoms of tooth sensitivity, dry mouth and nose, dysgeusia, burning/itchy eyes, and abdominal discomfort. They also complain of loss of appetite, fatigue, irritability, and muscle or joint pain. Examinations revealed that nearly all workers had poor hygiene and periodontal problems, with 78% experiencing gum bleeding on probing (33%) and spontaneous bleeding (45%). More than two-thirds (79%) of workers had dental erosion on anterior teeth and occlusal abrasion of the posterior teeth. A dense teeth discoloration on the eroded anterior and tartar deposits was obvious. Conclusions: Overexposure to hazardous vapors generated in the manufacturing processes associated with the unsafe workplace, lack of self-protection, poor personal health care, and inadequate medical services are factors strongly involved in the deterioration of workers’ health.

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“…The high BLL in children living around the former ULAB area found in this study is in line with Prihartono’s study, which examined 279 children aged 1–5 years in the ULABs recycling area in three border areas of Greater Jakarta. The study found that 47% of children had BLL >5 μg/dL, and 9% had BLL>10 μg/dL [ 23 ]. Other study related to lead conducted on 63 elementary school children in Cinangka Village in 2014 found that 61.2% of children had BLL > 10 μg/dL with an average BLL of 14.70 μg/dL [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead levels and lead toxicity in children aged 1-5 years of Cinangka Village, Bogor Regency

et al. 2022

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Lead is one of ten hazardous chemicals of public health concern and is used in more than 900 occupations, including the battery, smelting, and mining industries. Lead toxicity accounts for 1.5% (900,000) of deaths annually in the world. In Indonesia, reports of high Blood Lead Level (BLL) were associated with residency in Used Lead Acid Battery (ULAB) recycling sites. The present study aims to investigate the BLL and the evidence of lead toxicity of children living in an ULAB recycling site in Bogor Regency, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study involving 128 children aged 1–5 years was conducted in September-October 2019. The socio-economic factors, BLL, nutritional status, and hematological parameters, were evaluated. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate using the Chi-Square test. Socio-economic factors revealed only 2.3% children have pica and 10.9% children have hand-to-mouth habits. Majority of parents had low income, education, and have stayed in the village for years. Analysis on BLL revealed that 69.5% children had BLL of >10 μg/dL, 25% had abnormal BMI, 23.4% had underweight, 53.9% had stunting, 33.6% had anemia, and 22.6% had basophilic stippling. The average BLL and hemoglobin levels of respondents were 17.03 μg/dL and 11.48 g/dL, respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed that children with high BLL had double risk of having underweight and protected from stunting. Analysis on the association between BLL and BMI for age revealed a higher risk to have abnormal BMI. The high BLL also had 1.017 times risk of developing anemia, and almost doubled risk of having basophilic stippling, although they were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the high BLL of children living in the ULAB recycling indicates that lead exposure as well as lead toxicity are still occurring in Cinangka Village, and alerts to the need for a systematic action to mitigate the exposure.

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Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Cited by 15 publications

References 27 publications

Prevalence of Lead Toxicity in Adolescents in Kuwait

Prevalence of Lead Toxicity in Adolescents in Kuwait

Occupational Hazards for Workers in The Battery Factories and Phosphate Fertilizers: Brief Review and Case Presentation

Blood lead levels and lead toxicity in children aged 1-5 years of Cinangka Village, Bogor Regency

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