Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and assessment of trypanocidal drug resistance in tsetse infested and non-tsetse infested areas of Northwest Ethiopia

Dagnachew, Shimelis; Tsegaye, Biniam; Awukew, Addissu; Tilahun, Meseret; Ashenafi, Hagos; Rowan, T.G.; Abebe, Girma; Barry, Dave J.; Terefe, Getachew; Goddeeris, Bruno

doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2017.02.002

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The higher prevalence reported from Awi zone (Kebede et al, 2009) (10.1%), 20.74% from Metekel zones (Mekuria et al, 2012) and 4.4% from Bench Maji Zone (Stein et al, 2011). In addition, the prevalence reported from Wolayta and Dawero Zones was 20.40% (Miruk et al, 2008) and in Northwest Ethiopia reported by Shimelis et al (2017) was 21.5 % which was comparable with the prevalence obtained from treated group in the present study. The relatively higher prevalence of trypanosomosis in this study may be related to tsetse distribution was very high which lead for the reinfection of animals.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Assessment of Trypanocidal Drug Resistance In Tsetse Infested Areas of Guraferda District, Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Tadele¹,

Teklemariam²,

Abera³

et al. 2019

Int. J. Agr. Ext.

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The South Western region of Ethiopia is affected by both tsetse and non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis with a significant impact on livestock productivity. The control of trypanosomosis in Ethiopia relies on either curative or prophylactic treatment of animals with diminazene aceturate (DA) or isometamidium chloride (ISMM). This study was conducted from March - June 2017, where tsetse infestation was high in four purposively selected rural kebeles of Guraferda district of Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to assess trypanocidal drug resistance under natural grazing systems. Resistance to trypanocidal drug was determined through longitudinal studies. In this study 200 cattle were used for experiment; 50 cattle from each rural kebeles (25 treated and 25 control group). However, 16 animals 5 from control and 11 from threated group were left due to sale of the animals by the owners, refusal of owners to allow their animals during sample collection and inability to reach the study kebeles because of heavy rain and presence of mud. In the present study, 25 cattle were treated with isometamidium and 25 cattle were left untreated and examined regularly at two weeks interval for the presence of trypanosomes. During the experimental period, all infections were monitored in both groups and treated with diminazene (7 mg/kg) body weight. Resistance to isometamidium was assessed by comparing cumulative incidence in both treated and control group using the test relative risk reduction and deducting the rate of treatment failure. Resistance to diminizene was assessed through the rate of treatment failure observed at two week post treatment in the control group. In both cases the threshold of 25% treatment failure was adopted as criteria of presence of chemo-resistance. The present study revealed that the prevalence of trypanosome infection was (76.8%) in control and (23.2%) in treated group. The trypanosome species in the area was predominantly due to T.Congolense (76.8%). This indicates there was a resistance of trypanosome species for the treatment with the recommended dose of diaminazine (7mg/kg) and isometamidium (1mg/kg) body weight. Thus, it is crucial to develop an adequate prophylactic measurements to reduce the prevalence of trypanosome infection there by reducing tsetse fly populations in the study areas.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Assessment of Trypanocidal Drug Resistance In Tsetse Infested Areas of Guraferda District, Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Tadele¹,

Teklemariam²,

Abera³

et al. 2019

Int. J. Agr. Ext.

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“…All the respondents (100%) from both study areas witnessed that their animals had encountered the disease for decades. Similar reports about trypanosomosis was revealed from tsetse infested and non-tsetse infested areas of Northwest Ethiopia (Dagnachew et al, 2017), Abbay basin areas of Northwest Ethiopia (Dagnachew, 2004), Tselemti Woreda of Tigray region (W/ yohannes et al, 2010), Western Ethiopia (Tewelde et al, 2004), South Western Ethiopia (Tekle et al, 2018), and Northern Ethiopia (Birhanu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Trypanocidal drug utilization practices in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

Tesfaye¹,

Olbamo²,

Ashenafi³

2020

Ethiop. Vet. J.

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Trypanosomosis control in Ethiopia is largely rely on use of available trypanocidal drugs although there are other options such as vector control and use of trypanotolerant hosts. A cross-sectional survey aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of trypanocidal drug utilization and constraints of trypanosome infection conducted in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia. The questionnaire based survey was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the field data obtained from 184 cattle owners. Sixty (60) of the cattle owners were from suppression area and 124 from tsetse non-suppression area. Accordingly, draft oxen and milking cows respectively from tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas were classes of animals which were given priority in trypanocidal drug treatment. About 79.03% and 81.7% of cattle owners respectively from tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas witnessedthat they treat their sick animals by themselves; indicating that veterinarians and other animal health experts have very little role in medication of sick animals. Diminazine aceturate (DA) was the main trypanocidal drug preferred by cattle owners in tsetse suppression area while both DA and Isometamidium chloride (ISM) were used in non-suppression areas. About 83.1% of the respondents from tsetse suppression areas and 86.7% from non-suppression area reported treatment failures following the use of trypanocidal drugs. Moreover, about 79.61% and 86.53% of respondents respectively from tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas observed that drugs obtained from private drug stores were less effective compared to drugs obtained from governmental veterinary clinics. Furthermore, the respondents disclosed that DA was the most horrible trypanocidal drug in showing treatment failures despite high preference by cattle owners. It was also noted that treatment frequency was higherin tsetse suppression areas than non-suppression areas regardless of vector suppression campaign. In conclusion, higher dependency of cattle owners on trypanocidal drugs, limited trypanocidal drug availability in the veterinary pharmaceutical market, frequent trypanocidal drug usage and injection by unskilled herdsmen and owners report on trypanocidal drug treatment failures may point out the issue of trypanocidal drug resistance in the area. Therefore, awareness creation to livestock owners on the effect of misuse of trypanocidal drugs and safe trypanocidal drug usage policy should be put into effect to uphold the effectiveness of currently available trypanocidal drugs. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Trypanocidal Drugs; Tsetse suppression; South Omo Zone; Ethiopia

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“…Determination of trypanocidal sensitivity or resistance of trypanosomes isolated from the field will help veterinarians for better management and strategic treatment of trypanosomiasis in the country. In Ethiopia, the presence of drug resistance at lower and higher doses of commonly used trypanocidal drugs has been reported by several researchers ( Mulugeta et al., 1997 ; Afework et al., 2000 ; Ademe and Abebe, 2000 ; Tewelde et al., 2004 ; Miruk et al., 2007 ; Dagnachew et al., 2015a , b ; Moti et al., 2012 ; Dagnachew et al., 2017 ). However, research works on the different isolates of T. congolense pathogenicity and treatment response is insufficient in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparative experimental studies on Trypanosoma isolates in mice and response to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride treatment

Yayeh

Dagnachew

Tilahun

et al. 2018

Heliyon

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The current study was undertaken from December 2015 to May 2016 with the aim of determining and comparing the pathogenicity and response to diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) treatment in experimentally infected mice with trypanosome isolates from Jawi and Birsheleko areas of northwest Ethiopia. A total of 42 mice were used for the experiment. These mice were randomly assigned in to 7 groups of 6 mice per group. Three of the groups (Group 1, 4 and 5) were inoculated with trypanosome isolated from Jawi and three other groups (Group-2, 6 and 7) were inoculated with trypanosome isolated from Birsheleko and the remaining one group (Group 3) was negative control. Each experimental mice were received 0.3 ml of positive blood at the 105 parasites/ml from donor animals intraperitoneally while negative control group were received 0.3 ml sterile water. The mice were clinically observed daily during the study period. Parameters including level of parasitaemia, body weight, PCV and hemoglobin value were recorded once per week for ten consecutive weeks post infection. Trypanocidal treatment was given on day 21 post infection when peak parasitaemia was detected in groups (Group 4-DA-Jawi, 5-ISM-Jawi, 6-DA-BRSH and 7-ISM-BRSH). The treatment doses for DA was at 28 mg/kg and for ISM at 4 mg/kg. In all experimental groups during study period when the mice showed severe clinical signs and at the end of the experiment they were euthanized with 70% ethanol for gross and histopathological examinations. The parameters measured during the study period revealed markers leading to pathological changes in all infected groups. Parasitaemia were detected early in the Jawi isolate infected groups compared to the Birsheleko groups. All infected mice showed clear clinical manifestation of depression, weight loss, reduction in feed intake and huddled together in the corner of the cage. Significant (P < 0.05) reduction was observed in the mean PCV and hemoglobin value of s infected mice compared to the negative control. The mean PCV values of Birsheleko isolate infected group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than Jawi isolate infected group. This study showed that treatment with either DA or ISM were unable to clear parasitaemia indicating the presence of drug resistance problems for both isolates. Relative improvement in clinical and pathological changes was observed as compared with untreated infected groups. Gross and histopathological lesions were observed in infected groups. In conclusion, the current study suggests the presence of strain difference in virulence between isolates and the drugs unable to cure infections indicating the presence of resistance problems necessitate further molecular characterization of the strains and drug resistance detection in the natural host.

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Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and assessment of trypanocidal drug resistance in tsetse infested and non-tsetse infested areas of Northwest Ethiopia

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

Assessment of Trypanocidal Drug Resistance In Tsetse Infested Areas of Guraferda District, Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Assessment of Trypanocidal Drug Resistance In Tsetse Infested Areas of Guraferda District, Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Trypanocidal drug utilization practices in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

Comparative experimental studies on Trypanosoma isolates in mice and response to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride treatment

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