Prevalence of bullying in orthodontic patients and its impact on the desire for orthodontic therapy, treatment motivation, and expectations of treatment

Association between Dentofacial Features and Bullying from Childhood to Adulthood: A Systematic Review

“…In order to assess bullying, five studies used the same modified questionnaire from Shaw et al [ 26 ] by Al Bitar et al, in 2013 [ 22 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 33 ], two used the Olweus Bullying/Victim Questionnaire [ 30 , 31 ]; Ramos et al [ 9 ] used the questionnaire used in the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE), Gatto et al [ 7 ] used the Kidscape Questionnaire, Duarte Rodrigues et al [ 34 ] used a question from the CPQ8-10, Bazan-Serrano et al [ 35 ] used a questionnaire from Oliveros et al [ 36 ], Rwakatema et al [ 37 ] used a questionnaire from Ng’ang’a et al [ 38 ] and Onyeaso et al [ 39 ] used a modified questionnaire from Helm [ 20 ]. Seven of the studies used individual arrangement questionnaires [ 20 , 21 , 24 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], and Alanko et al [ 8 ] used a structured diary.…”

“…To assess malocclusion, eleven of the cross-sectional studies assessed dentofacial features, using a modified self-reported questionnaire from Shaw et al [ 26 ] for five of them [ 22 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 35 ], a self-administered questionnaire from Ng’ang’a et al [ 38 ] for Rwakatema et al [ 37 ], and author-created questionnaires for the last 5 [ 20 , 24 , 40 , 41 , 43 ].…”

“…Only two studies fulfilled all the criteria from the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools checklists [ 23 , 34 ]. Two of the qualitative studies [ 23 , 26 ] and seven of the cross-sectional studies [ 7 , 8 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 40 ] rated a low risk of bias ( Table 1 and Table 2 ).…”

“…In this literature review, there is great variability in the clinical assessment tools for dental defects. In order to evaluate dentofacial condition, eight studies used clinical examination [ 23 , 24 ] or professional assessment [ 7 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 42 ], twelve used patients’ self-evaluation [ 20 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 43 ], and three used both [ 8 , 9 , 39 ]. The originality of our review, and maybe one of its limits, was to take an interest in both malocclusion and structural defects and to regroup all of them under one term: dentofacial features.…”

“…Effectively, the time intervals assessed extended from two days [ 8 ] to throughout schooling [ 20 , 37 ]. Most of the studies assessed exposure to bullying during one [ 22 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 34 ] or two months [ 30 , 31 , 40 ], probably to limit the risk of bias related to long-term memory. However, this adds the risk of underestimating the exposure to bullying of certain subjects.…”