Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women.

Resnick, Heidi S.; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Dansky, Bonnie S.; Saunders, Benjamin E.; Best, Connie L.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.984

Cited by 1,505 publications

(1,180 citation statements)

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“…This may be due to the largely known offender assaults (83%) in this sample and a less powerful single-item, dichotomous measure of physical injury. These results support and extend past work showing the importance of perceived life threat in the etiology of PTSD symptomatology (Frazier et al, 1997;Kilpatrick et al, 1989;Resnick et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Perhaps the personally intrusive nature of rape is what makes it uniquely traumatic. Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, and Best (1993) studied a national sample of women and found that perceived life threat and physical injury were related to more PTSD, a diagnosis more common in rape victims than in victims of other traumatic life events. Kilpatrick et al (1989) reported that not only were individual factors of completed rape, physical injury, and life threat related to PTSD in female crime victims, but that these factors interacted synergistically in predicting PTSD risk.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims

Ullman

Filipas

2001

Journal of Traumatic Stress

427

376

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Demographics, assault variables, and postassault responses were analyzed as correlates of PTSD symptom severity in a sample of 323 sexual assault victims. Regression analyses indicated that less education, greater perceived life threat, and receipt of more negative social reactions upon disclosing assault were each related to greater PTSD symptom severity. Ethnic minority victims reported more negative social reactions from others. Victims of more severe sexual victimization reported fewer positive, but more negative reactions from others. Greater extent of disclosure of the assault was related to more positive and fewer negative social reactions. Telling more persons about the assault was related to more negative and positive reactions. Implications of these results for developing contextual theoretical models of rape-related PTSD are discussed.Keywords posttraumatic stress; social reactions; sexual assault; disclosure Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common consequence of rape experiences with one-third of female rape victims identified in community samples experiencing PTSD at some time after the assault (Kilpatrick, Edmunds, & Seymour, 1992). In longitudinal research assessing rape victims immediately after assault, PTSD characterized 94% of victims within 2 weeks postassault and 47% of victims within 3 months postassault (Rothbaum, Foa, Riggs, Murdock, & Walsh, 1992). A number of studies have examined correlates of the PTSD diagnosis or PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault victims to identify those survivors most likely to develop the disorder after the assault. A study of representatively sampled sexual assault victims by Frazier et al. (1997) showed that over half of women (58%) who nominated sexual assault as their worst traumatic event had PTSD in their lifetime. Multivariate analyses showed that young, White women who perceived the assault to be life-threatening, were more upset at the time of the assault, and those who blamed themselves and others for the assault had more PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that demographic background, traumatic event characteristics, and postassault victim responses all may be predictive of PTSD.Rape appears to be more likely than other traumatic events to result in PTSD at least in part because specific traumatic characteristics (e.g., perceived life threat) are more common for rape than for other traumatic events (Frazier et al., 1997). However, even when event characteristics are controlled, having a rape history predicts unique variance in PTSD risk, implying that something about rape itself, or postassault responses to rape, contributes to PTSD in addition to these event characteristics (Frazier et al., 1997;Kilpatrick, Saunders, Amick-McMullan, & Best, 1989). Perhaps the personally intrusive nature of rape is what makes it uniquely traumatic. Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, and Best (1993) studied a national sample of women and found that perceived life threat and physical injury were related to more PTSD, a diagnosis more common in...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims

Ullman

Filipas

2001

Journal of Traumatic Stress

427

376

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For example, studies in the United States have found that 30-84% of women who have experienced IPV suffer from PTSD (Cascardi, O'Leary, & Schlee, 1999;Kemp, Rawlings, & Green, 1991;Saunders, 1994;Yoshihama & Horrocks, 2003). These rates are much higher than the 10-14% rate of PTSD among women in the general population (Breslau & Davis, 1992;Breslau, Davis, Peterson, & Schultz, 1997;Kessler et al, 1995;Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993).…”

Section: Ipv and Health Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intimate Partner Violence, Welfare Receipt, and Health Status of Low‐Income African American Women: A Lifecourse Analysis

Yoshihama

Hammock

Horrocks

2006

American J of Comm Psychol

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Although the association among intimate partner violence (IPV), welfare receipt, and health status has been well-established, little is known about the temporal sequencing of these events. In a random sample of low-income African American women in an urban Midwestern county, lifecourse data about IPV and welfare receipt were obtained using the Life His- DeMarco, 1988), along with data about mental and physical health status. Controlling for relevant factors, longitudinal analyses found that previous experience of IPV increased women's odds of receiving welfare benefits in a given year, but previous welfare receipt did not. Cumulative IPV, but not cumulative welfare receipt, was associated with current and past-year health problems. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that IPV leads women to turn to welfare assistance, and that compromised physical and mental health due to past cumulative IPV interferes with women's gainful employment.KEY WORDS: intimate partner violence; health; mental health; welfare; lifecourse.The nested ecological model (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) has been used to understand the relationships among the multiple and interacting personal, situational, and sociocultural factors that contribute to women's experiences, such as intimate partner violence (IPV), welfare receipt, and poor health

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“…Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 December 20. Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993). PTSD includes symptoms of hyperarousal such as difficulties with sleep, feeling constantly "on guard" or hypervigilant, having a frequent and exaggerated startle response, and difficulties with focusing and concentration (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Victimization experiences also increase the likelihood of having high levels of subsequent autonomic arousal. That is, victimization experiences frequently result in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993). PTSD includes symptoms of hyperarousal such as difficulties with sleep, feeling constantly "on guard" or hypervigilant, having a frequent and exaggerated startle response, and difficulties with focusing and concentration (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged exposure therapy and irritable bowel syndrome: A case study examining the impact of a trauma-focused treatment on a physical condition

Weaver

Nishith

Resick

1998

Cognitive and Behavioral Practice

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Previous research has shown that psychological treatments, particularly those employing cognitive techniques, are particularly effective in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is presumed that these psychological interventions are effective at ameliorating the IBS by treating an underlying psychological disorder (often an anxiety disorder), which may be contributing to the autonomic reactivity. This case study examined the change in the physical symptoms of IBS for a patient seeking treatment for rape-related PTSD with comorbid conditions of major depression and panic. At posttreatment, the patient no longer met criteria for PTSD, major depression, or panic. In addition, her primary symptom of IBS, diarrhea frequency, was significantly improved. These findings were maintained at 3 and 9 months posttreatment. Implications for the assessment and treatment of IBS patients with PTSD are discussed.The complex interplay between the psychological and physical impact of stressful life experiences has been receiving increased attention (Cohen & Williamson, 1991;Herbert & Cohen, 1993;Watson & Pennebaker, 1989). A condition particularly illustrative of this interplay is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS is a functional disorder of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract primarily characterized by cramping abdominal pain and bowel disruptions, which may include diarrhea or constipation, separately or alternating periods of each condition (Drossman, 1994). While the issue of a truly causal relationship between ongoing (daily) stressors and IBS symptoms has been questioned (Suls, Wan, & Blanchard, 1994), correlational research suggests that psychosocial stressors play an important role in IBS symptom initiation (Craig & Brown, 1984; Mendeloff, Monk, Siegel, & Lilienfeld, 1970) and exacerbation (Drossman et al., 1988).Recently, researchers have found that stressful experiences of a traumatic nature have distinguished treatment-seeking patients with functional GI illness (IBS) from patients with organic GI illness, such as inflammatory bowel disease (Drossman et al., 1990;Walker, Gelfand, Gelfand, & Katon, 1995). Treatment-seeking IBS patients are also more likely to report higher rates of psychiatric diagnoses compared with patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Blanchard, 1993;Greene & Blanchard, 1994;Walker et al., 1995). Many of these diagnoses have been in the spectrum of anxiety disorders, with particularly high rates of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) reported (Blanchard). Anxiety disorders can include symptoms of fixed perceptions of threat, anticipation of problems, and catastrophizing. These characteristic symptoms may then trigger physiological (GI) hyperarousal associated Copyright 1998 by Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Terri L. Weaver, Center for Trauma Recovery and Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Lo...

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Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women.

Cited by 1,505 publications

References 13 publications

Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims

Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims

Intimate Partner Violence, Welfare Receipt, and Health Status of Low‐Income African American Women: A Lifecourse Analysis

Prolonged exposure therapy and irritable bowel syndrome: A case study examining the impact of a trauma-focused treatment on a physical condition

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