Prevalence of coronary artery disease and its risk factors in Kerala, South India: a community-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundThere are no recent data on prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Indians. The last community based study from Kerala, the most advanced Indian state in epidemiological transition, was in 1993 that reported 1.4 % definite CAD prevalence. We studied the prevalence of CAD and its risk factors among adults in Kerala.MethodsIn a community-based cross sectional study, we selected 5167 adults (mean age 51 years, men 40.1 %) using a multistage cluster sampling method. Information on socio-demographics, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, dietary habits and personal history of hypertension, diabetes, and CAD was collected using a structured interview schedule. Anthropometry, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and biochemical investigations were done using standard protocols. CAD and its risk factors were defined using standard criteria. Comparisons of age adjusted prevalence were done using two tailed proportion tests.ResultsThe overall age-adjusted prevalence of definite CAD was 3.5 %: men 4.8 %, women 2.6 % (p < 0.001). Prevalence of any CAD was 12.5 %: men 9.8 %, women 14.3 % (p < 0.001). There was no difference in definite CAD between urban and rural population. Physical inactivity was reported by 17.5 and 18 % reported family history of CAD. Other CAD risk factors detected in the study were: overweight or obese 59 %, abdominal obesity 57 %, hypertension 28 %, diabetes 15 %, high total cholesterol 52 % and low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol 39 %. Current smoking was reported only be men (28 %).ConclusionThe prevalence of definite CAD in Kerala increased nearly three times since 1993 without any difference in urban and rural areas. Most risk factors of CAD were highly prevalent in the state. Both population and individual level approaches are warranted to address the high level of CAD risk factors to reduce the increasing prevalence of CAD in this population.

Prevalence of coronary artery disease in a semi urban population in Southern Sri Lanka

“…Gender and past history were significant predictors of CAD. These findings are consistence with findings of other studies done in Sri Lanka and in the region [13,14,15,16,17].…”

“…A similar study was done in India using RAQ and Minnesota ECG coding. In this study, crude and age adjusted prevalence of CAD was reported as 5.8% and 3.8% respectively [17].…”

Risk Factors and Demographic profile in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study from Tertiary Care Rural Hospital in North India

“…25.2% of the rural population of central India smoked as in study done by Patil S.S et al 33 Smoking was also less predominant (7.5%) in urban population of study subjects in a study done by Walia R et al 30 Krishnan M.N. et al 29 documented 33.42% smokers of which 28% was prevalent in males. This high percentage of smoking as reported in our study could be due to local rural traditions of hookah smoking and majority of study population being from rural area.…”

Incidence of New Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

“…Atleast checking of blood sugars should be done atleast for first 6 months at every follow up after the acute coronary event so as to pick up any revealing latent new onset diabetes thus preventing morbidity and mortality arising out of it or its consequences. In a study conducted to find NOD after renal transplant in 2014 founded that the need for more aggressive DM treatment (suggesting a worsening of DM status) was most usually seen between discharge and 3 months; 50% of patients with preexisting DM required more aggressive DM treatment post-transplantation (X3(2) = 13.25; P = .001) [10,11,12] . This study supports our finding relative rapid onset of Diabetes in predisposed individual.…”