Prevalence of Current PTSD Symptoms Among a Sample of Black Individuals Aged 15 to 40 in Canada: The Major Role of Everyday Racial Discrimination, Racial Microaggresions, and Internalized Racism

Abstract

Objective Most Black individuals in Canada report having experienced racial discrimination. Although previous studies have shown that there is a strong relationship between racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), no studies in Canada have documented this association among Black individuals. The present study documents (1) the prevalence of PTSD among Black individuals using data from the Black Communities Mental Health project and (2) risk factors associated with PTSD, including racial microaggressions, everyday racial discrimination, and internalized racism. Method A total of 860 participants (75.6% of women) aged 15 to 40 years old ( M = 24.96, SD = 6.29) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD, experience of traumatic events, racial microaggressions, everyday racial discrimination, and internalized racism. Results Findings showed that 95.1% of participants reported exposure to at least one traumatic event during their lifetime. In total, 67.11% of participants reported probable PTSD with no significant difference between men and women (68.2% and 67.8%, χ2 = 0.132, p = 0.72). Participants born in Canada were more likely to experience significant PTSD symptoms, compared to those born abroad (70.92% and 53.14% , χ2 = 19.69, p < 0.001). A multivariable linear regression model of PTSD symptoms was computed using sociodemographic variables and exposure to traumatic events as independent variables, which explained 25.9% of the variance. In addition to these variables, a second model included racial microaggressions, everyday racial microaggressions, and internalized racism, which explained 51.8% of the variance. The model showed that traumatic events ( b = 0.6; p = 0.02), racial microaggressions ( b = 0.5; p < 0.001), everyday discrimination ( b = 0.2; p = 0.03) and internalized racism ( b = 0.5; p < 0.001) were positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Conclusions This article highlights the detrimental consequences of racial discrimination against Black people in Canada. Prevention and mental health programs aimed at mitigating its consequences on the lives of Black people and other racialized populations must be implemented.

Vaccine mistrust among Black individuals in Canada: The major role of health literacy, conspiracy theories, and racial discrimination in the healthcare system

“…We used the item of the major experiences of discrimination scale evaluating racial discrimination in healthcare settings: “ Have you been unfairly treated in a hospital or other health services? .” 23 The scale has been used in recent studies among Black and racialized communities in Canada and have shown a good internal consistency 19,24 …”

“…23 The scale has been used in recent studies among Black and racialized communities in Canada and have shown a good internal consistency. 19,24…”

Sharing knowledge in psychology: Recommendations for public engagement and making a difference.

“…A previous epidemiological study by Van Ameringen et al (2008) suggested that almost one in 10 Canadians have experienced PTSD at some time in their lives but this estimate, in all likelihood, substantially underestimates the breadth of the problem for various reasons, especially among people with unique stressors. It does not reflect the exceptionally high prevalence found among Black people, for instance (see Cénat et al, 2023) and changing diagnostic criteria point to the urgent need for a new national study. We know that PTSD is found far too often among members of the military and police, as well as first responders but PTSD is detectable in people in Canada from many different backgrounds (see Marrello et al, 2021; Weeks et al, 2021).…”

Frequency and factors related to substance use among Black individuals aged 15–40 years old in Canada: The role of everyday racial discrimination.

“…Additionally, the minority stress faced by Black individuals in Western societies may contribute to worsening substance use when facing racial discrimination (Pittman, Brooks, et al, 2017; Pittman, Kim, et al, 2017). The CoRT asserts that the recurrent, repetitive, constant, inevitable, and cumulative nature of racial discrimination—which Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) experience in Western societies—exposes them to significant lifelong consequences, including mental health issues and risky behaviors such as alcohol and substance use (Cénat, 2022a; Cénat, Dalexis, et al, 2022).…”