Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen

Alkulaibi, Mohammed Musid; Suleiman, Ahmed Mohamed; Khalil, E. A. G.; Al-Garadi, Maged A.

doi:10.1155/2019/8248916

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This finding is in accordance with other epidemiologic studies in Iran which revealed higher incidence rate of CL in men ( Rostami et al, 2013 ; Mohammadi and Soltani, 2019 ; Nilforoushzadeh et al, 2014 ; Rezaee et al, 2020 ; Akhlagh et al, 2019 ). Similar findings have been reported from other endemic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Libya, Algeria, Bolivia, and Brazil, where males had higher CL infection than females ( Abuzaid et al, 2017 ; Khan et al, 2016 ; AlSamarai and AlObaidi, 2009 ; Youssef et al, 2019 ; Salam et al, 2014 ; Alkulaibi et al, 2019 ; Khezzani and Bouchemal, 2017 ; Eid et al, 2018 ; Araujo et al, 2016 ; Krieger, 2003 ). The difference in risk of CL infection between women and men is related to differences in gender roles and not to biological characteristics associated with sex ( Khademvatan et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis and distribution of sand flies in an endemic area in southeast of Iran

Sanei-Dehkordi

Soleimani-Ahmadi

Zaré

et al. 2021

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

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Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a widespread tropical infectious disease in the world. It is one of the most important health problem in Iran which is endemic in different parts of country. This study was conducted to determine epidemiological features of CL and distribution of sand flies in Hajiabad County, one of the important CL foci in southeast of Iran. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2019 to March 2020. All of the suspected CL cases with skin lesions who referred to Hajiabad County health centers and all actively detected patients were clinically and parasitologically examined for CL. Demographic and clinical data of all patients were recorded. Moreover, in this study, sand flies were collected monthly from four typical plain and foothill villages during their active season (May–November) using sticky trap. Sand flies were mounted as permanent microscopic slides, using Puri's medium, and identified by taxonomic keys. Data were analyzed using SPSS.21 software and descriptive statistics. Results and discussion A total of 70 confirmed cases of CL were recorded; the incidence rate of the disease was 101 per 100,000 people. The most infected age group was 0–10 years, with a rate of 64.3%. Males were infected more than females and the majority of cases (85.7%) were recorded from rural areas. Most of the cases had 1 lesion (51.4%) and the most lesions (55.8%) were in upper extremities. During the study period, 832 sand fly specimens comprised of ten species of Sergentomyia and seven of Phlebotomus were collected and identified. The most prevalent species was P. papatasi (47.12%), followed by P. alexandri (8.41%) and P. salehi (6.25%). Among the collected Phlebotomus species, P. papatasi and P. sergenti are known as the primary vectors of CL and P. alexandri , P. salehi , and P. caucasicus , play the main role as the secondary vectors of CL in Iran. Conclusion This study has revealed that CL is endemic in Hajiabad County and there are five CL vectors that are distributed in this County and some of them are more prevalent in plain areas. These findings can be used as a basis for implementation of interventions toward vector control, which may help in suppression of vector density, and consequently, control of CL in the study area.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis and distribution of sand flies in an endemic area in southeast of Iran

Sanei-Dehkordi

Soleimani-Ahmadi

Zaré

et al. 2021

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

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“…Based on our findings, rural communities, families with CL-affected members and children were the populations at the highest risk of developing leishmania. Young children were affected more than individuals aged >14 years, which is consistent with the findings from studies in Taiz,[ 15 16 ] Al-Bayda,[ 8 ] Thamar[ 17 ] and Hajjah,[ 18 ] where prevalence among children was 62.1%, 57.2%, 76.3% and 60%, respectively. In Yemen, majority of CL patients are reported from rural areas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In Yemen, majority of CL patients are reported from rural areas. [ 8 15 ] The environmental and housing conditions in these areas are the important risk factors for Leishmania spread. [ 8 15 19 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Clinical Phenotypes of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central and Southwest Regions of Yemen

Muthanna

Malhomme

Schwartz

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Dermatology

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Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Yemen. CL displays a spectrum of typical and atypical morphologies yet understudied in the central and southwest regions of Yemen. Aims and Objectives: To identify the typical and atypical clinical phenotypes of CL in the central and southwest regions of Yemen. Materials and Methods: A survey of 145 patients who visited Prof. Al-Qubati Clinic in Taiz between 2010 and 2015, was conducted. Results: Children and residents of the rural areas were at high risk of exposure to the insect vector. The typical phenotype was single (67%), facial (58%) and ulcerated nodule (35%). Other usual phenotypes were small ulcers (21.4%) and non-ulcerative papules and nodules (21%). Unusual phenotypes constituted 12% of the cohort and included psoriasiform, eczematous, erysipeloid, lupoid, verrucous, large ulcerative, leishmania recidivens, satellite, granulomatous infiltrative and hyperkeratotic plaques. Mucous membrane involvement was evident in 10.6% and was also polymorphic. Conclusion: CL has many morphologic patterns in central and southwest regions of Yemen, some are clinically deceptive.

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“…Global studies indicated numerous emerging CL outbreaks over the past years in different parts of the world, including Peru [ 11 ], Brazil [ 12 , 13 ], Afghanistan [ 14 ], Libya [ 15 ], Syria [ 16 ], Iraq [ 17 ], Yemen [ 18 ], Sudan [ 19 ], Morocco [ 20 ], and Saudi Arabia [ 21 ]. The CL situation is probably similar in the countries neighboring Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

et al. 2021

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Background Epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are occurring more frequently and spreading faster and farther than before in many areas of the world. The present study aimed to assess a long-lasting emerging epidemic (2005–2019) of 5532 cases with anthroponotic CL (ACL) in peri-urban areas of Kerman city in southeastern Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was carried out for 15 years in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. The data were passively obtained through the health surveillance system and the Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center. Every subject was diagnosed using direct smear microscopy. The representative causative agent was further examined by ITS1-PCR, PCR-RFLP, 7SL RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. For each subject, a case report form designating demographic and clinical data was recorded. Results A different pattern of ACL incidence was found in peri-urban areas compared to that in the city of Kerman. The incidence rate of ACL cases has significantly increased (P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2016 in new settlements with a gradual decline after that. The overall average risk of contracting the disease was 7.6 times higher in peri-urban areas compared to Kerman city, an old endemic focus. All isolates consisting of six variants were confirmed to be Leishmania tropica. The overall pattern of the ACL infection indicates that the etiological agent of ACL is propagated and transmitted by the bite of female Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies from person to person from dissimilar clones as reflected by the complexity of the migrants’ backgrounds in the province. Conclusions The movement of populations and establishment of new settlements in peri-urban areas close to endemic areas are major risk factors for and are directly linked to CL. The underlying factors of this emerging ACL epidemic caused by L. tropica were disasters and droughts, among others. A robust commitment to a multilateral approach is crucial to make improvements in this area. This will require decisive coordinated actions through all governmental factions and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, active and passive case detection strategies, early diagnosis, and effective treatment could help control the disease.

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Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

Epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis and distribution of sand flies in an endemic area in southeast of Iran

Epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis and distribution of sand flies in an endemic area in southeast of Iran

The Clinical Phenotypes of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central and Southwest Regions of Yemen

A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

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