Prevalence of Depression among Rural Residents with Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study from Northeast China

Abstract

Recent economic development in China has resulted in large increases in psychogenic and metabolic diseases. However, few studies have focused on the mental status of rural residents with diabetes. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms among patients with diabetes to establish the association between depressive symptoms and socio-demographic and clinical factors. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1187 patients with diabetes aged ≥35 years from rural Northeast China. Metabolic and anthropometric indicators were measured according to standard methods. Depressive symptoms were defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Five hundred and twenty-six residents (44.3%) of the total sample were male and 931 (78.4%) were <65 years old. One hundred and eight residents (8.76%) score ≥10 on the PHQ-9 scale. A statistically significant relationship was found between depressive symptoms and female gender, older age (≥65 years), high school or above education level, moderate physical activity, high family income, multiple additional illnesses, current alcohol consumption, and 7–8 h/d sleep duration. Multivariate analysis showed that female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 1.984, p = 0.028], high family income (OR = 0.483 for 5000–20,000 CNY/year, p = 0.011; OR = 0.356 for >2000 CNY/year, p = 0.003), 7–8 h/d sleep duration (OR = 0.453, p = 0.020), and having multiple additional illness (OR = 3.080, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in our study was high. Female gender and multiple illnesses were risk factors for depression, while long sleep duration and high family income seem to protect against depression among rural residents with diabetes in China.

Assessment of depression and diabetes distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care hospital of South India

“…This is in contrary to the female preponderance most studies have reported wherein they have reported a two-fold higher risk of depression in women as compared to men. 11,12,10 We found a statistically significant association between the level of education of present study sample and depression.…”

Prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among diabetes mellitus adults in the Jilin province in China: a cross-sectional study

“…This observation is in agreement with our finding that participants with short sleep durations had higher likelihood of developing psychological distress. Yu and team investigated the prevalence of depression among rural residents with DM patients in China, and reported that shorter sleep duration increases the risk of depressive symptoms (Yu et al, 2016). In addition, frequent urination that is a major symptom of DM may cause discomfort to diabetic patients and reduce their quality of sleep.…”

“…Accumulating evidence suggests that psychological disorders are common in DM patients, and that DM patients are at substantial risk of heightened depression, anxiety, and stress (Anderson et al, 2001; Atlantis et al, 2012; Raymond & Lovell, 2016; Roy & Lloyd, 2012; Yu et al, 2016). Psychological disorders of DM patients are significantly associated with non-adherence to healthy lifestyle guidelines, thus increasing the risk for serious complications that may decrease patients’ quality of life and result in premature death (Ducat, Philipson & Anderson, 2014; Gonzalez et al, 2008).…”

Evaluate the prevalence of depression in type 2 diabetics with microvascular complications

“…Yu et al . [ 16 ] in a study examined the mental status of 1187 diabetics. The purpose of their study was to determine the relationship between diabetics and depression and social and cognitive factors of diabetes, in which there was a significant relationship between the above 65 years old and high-school education.…”