Prevalence of depression and its association with sociodemographic factors in postmenopausal women in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi

Abstract

Background: Menopause is defined as the time of cessation of ovarian function resulting in permanent amenorrhea. Menopause is associated with various symptoms such as physical, vasomotor, sexual, and psychological symptoms. Depression is a common symptom in postmenopausal women as menopause is associated with the end of the fertile period of a women's life. Menopause is an important subject to study as due to increase in life expectancy and improved health care delivery number of postmenopausal women is significantly increasing. Objectives: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of depression and its association with sociodemographic factors in postmenopausal women in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 580 postmenopausal women who were resident of Gokulpuri in North-East Delhi, using a predesigned, pretested, and semi-structured interview schedule. Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) scale was used to find out the prevalence of depression. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-22 version. Results: In our study, 58.4% postmenopausal women were normal with no depression, 38.3% were in a mild depression, and 3.3% women were having moderate depression. Depression was more prevalent in women belonging to the younger age group, lower socioeconomic status, and illiterate women. Furthermore, the prevalence of depression was more in women who were divorced or widow. Conclusions: Study revealed prevalence of depression in significant number of postmenopausal women. To improve the quality of life of women in postmenopausal period, diagnosis of depression and relevant influencing factors is important.

Prevalence of Depression among Postmenopausal Women in National Guard Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

“…Unsal et al reported that the significant risk factors for depression were lower education level, single status, having an insufficient level of family income and lacking social support [15]. Quite similar results have been reported by others [17,18].…”

“…However, it was lower than that reported in another study conducted in Iran by Afshari who found that the prevalence of depression in postmenopausal women was 59.8% [17]. In Delhi, India, prevalence of depression among postmenopausal women was 41.6% [18]. Lower rate was reported in a study carried out in Korea, ranged between 2.7 and7.2% [19].…”

“…It had an adverse impact on the capacity to work, social relationship and a major risk factor of suicide and self-harm. Depression also affects the psychosocial wellbeing of the affected women and this is commonly associated with the transition period during menopause [16,18].…”

Risk factors for mild depression in older women with overactive bladder syndrome—A cross sectional study

“…In older people, depression signs can be highly heterogeneous, and often not noticeable, leading to a high risk of late intervention [10]. One study shows that 38.3% of postmenopausal women have mild depression [11].…”

“…The BAI is a previously validated questionnaire, consisting of 21 items that evaluate different anxiety symptoms. Based on the individual's own assessment and perception in the last 4 weeks, the symptoms are classified as minimal when the score varies from 0-10; mild, when it varies between [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]; moderate, between 20-30; and severe, between 31-63 [17]. To assess the symptoms of overactive bladder, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-OAB), recommended by the ICS, was used, and the higher the score, the greater the symptoms of OAB [1].…”