Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes from the Central Part of Romania

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in patients with T2D. Depression and anxiety were assessed by questionnaires (PHQ-9, CES-D and GAD-7 respectively), cognitive function by the MoCA test. Additionally, 503 patients’ clinic charts were separately analyzed in order to compare the data recorded in the charts with that resulted from the active assessment.Results: In the screening study 216 subjects with T2D were included (62.2 ± 7.8 years old). 34.3% of them had depression and 7.4% presented major depression. 44.9% of patients with T2D had anxiety (9.2% major anxiety) and this was highly correlated with depression (OR: 21.139, 95%CI: 9.767-45.751; p<0.0001). Women had significantly higher prevalence of depression and anxiety compared to men (42.1% vs. 21.7%; p: 0.0021 and 51.1% vs. 34.9%; p: 0.02), but severe depression was similar between genders (9.0% vs. 4.8%; p: 0.29). Significantly more patients had depression and anxiety than recorded in their charts (34.3% vs. 13.9% and 44.9% vs. 9.3%, respectively; p<0.0001 for both). 69.0% of T2D patients had mild, 6.0% had moderate and none had severe cognitive dysfunction, respectively. Significantly more patients with depression and anxiety had mild and moderate cognitive impairment (p: 0.03 and p: 0.04, respectively).Conclusions: Patients with T2D had a high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety were significantly more frequent in women. These conditions were under-evaluated and/or under-reported.

Markers of cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes

“…Firstly, our study confirms that patients with T2D have significantly lower cognitive function scores compared with healthy individuals (along with high prevalence of cognitive impairment, as previously shown) (7). This indicates that the neurocognitive complications are important conditions that require attention in patients with T2D.…”

“…As we showed in a previous report, administration of the MoCA test in patients with T2D conveyed the following results: 54/ 216 (25.0%) had normal cognitive function scores, 149/ 216 (69.0%) had mild, 13/ 216 (6.0%) had moderate, and none had severe cognitive dysfunction scores (7). In contrast, in the matched HC group, 11/ 23 (47.8%) had mild cognitive impairment and 12/ 23 (52.2%) had normal cognitive function scores (≥ 26 points), while none had moderate or severe cognitive impairment scores (p: 0.04).…”

Prevalence and associated Factors of Anxiety among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Follow Up at Ambo General Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, Institutional Based Cross Sectional Study

“…This study revealed that the prevalence of anxiety was 44.2%. The finding was similar with other studies carried out in Romania 44.9 % [10]. On the other hand, the current study finding was higher than the study done in Mexican 55.10% [7], in United kingdom 68% [6], in hospital of Lithuanmia 88.3% [11],in China 56.1% [12], in Bardar Abbas, Southern Iran 67% [13], in Tehran Iran 69,6% [14], in Pakistan 57.9% [17], and in Guinea 58.7% [18]and lower than the study was done in North India 29% [8],in Qatar 35.3% [9] and in Malaysia 30.5% and 31.4% [15,16].…”

“…Studies conducted in different countries on prevalence of anxiety among type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients shows that 68.0% in Unit kingdom [6], 55.10% in Mexican [7], 29% in North India [8], 35.3% in Qatar [9], 44.9% in Romanian [10], 88.3% in Hospital of Lithuanian [11], 56.1% in China [12], 67% in Bardar Abbas, Southern Iran [13], 69.6% in Tehran Iran [14], 30.5% and 31,4% in Malaysia [15,16], 57.9% in Pakistan [17] and 58.7% in Guinea [18].…”

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“…Así, la ansiedad puede presentarse como un trastorno primario o secundario en asociación con otros problemas psicológicos, médicos, uso de medicación o sustancias psicoactivas (Cernea, 2016;Christopher & Sharpley, 2016;Fardin, Ahmadiani, Alizadeh, Khomand, & Maroufi, 2014;Navas & Vargas, 2012), esto hace que tengan mayor prevalen- Los altos niveles de prevalencia e incidencia evidencia que la sobrecarga laboral y las exigencias marcadas por los estereotipos generados en la globalización actual, hace que la sociedad incremente los niveles de autoexigencia, tensión, fatiga y, por ende, ansiedad en las personas. En este sentido, es fundamental comprender los niveles óptimos o funcionales de la ansiedad.…”