Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Saudi Arabia

Fatani, Hassan H.; Mira, Siraj A.; Elzubier, Ahmed G.

doi:10.2337/diacare.10.2.180

Cited by 108 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A considerably lower frequency of hyperglycemia was encountered in Najran in the Southwestern Province, and the majority of the cases were in the age group 40 years or more. This was in agreement with the results of Fatani and coworkers 7,8 and Bacchus and coworkers 5 in western and central Saudi Arabia, respectively. Riyadh results were based mainly on samples collected from blood donors who had the lowest frequency (i.e., 1.4%) and university students in the age range 18 to 30 years who had an overall frequency of about 6.3%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In a survey of 1018 patients referred to King Abdulaziz Hospital in Jeddah, 30% of the patients had diabetes mellitus. 6 In a comprehensive investigation on the population of the Western Region of Saudi Arabia, a prevalence of 4.95% and 4.3% was encountered in urban 7 andrural 8 populations,respectively. Otherstudies have shown that the majority of Saudi diabetics suffer from noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetes, 9,10 though type I diabetes 11 and type II diabetes of the young (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) 12 have been reported in isolated cases.…”

Section: Accepted For Publication 4 December 1988mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Hyperglycemia in Different Regions of Saudi Arabia

El‐Hazmi

Warsy

1989

Ann Saudi Med

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A pilot study was conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia to estimate the frequency of fasting hyperglycemia in the Saudi population. In Khaybar, Hofuf and surrounding villages, Al-Ula, Najran, and Gizan, an overall frequency of 16.5%, 10.9%, 9.8%, 2.4%, and 8.9%, respectively, was encountered. In Riyadh, the results from blood donors showed a frequency of 1.4%, while the results from university students showed a frequency of 6.3%. In each case, except Al-Ula, the results in males were slightly higher than in females, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, most of the cases with hyperglycemia were in the age range of 40 years or above. Epidemiologic studies are necessary in the Saudi population to determine the prevalence of different types of diabetes, etiologic factors, clinical manifestations, genetics, and morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus in this population. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common abnormalities that occurs in almost all populations of the world with variable prevalence.1,2 It is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders that share glucose intolerance in common.3 There are several types of diabetes, and the two major classes are insulin dependent (type I) and noninsulin dependent (type II) diabetes. 3,4 In Saudi Arabia, diabetes mellitus is believed to occur at a high rate, though few population surveys have been reported. In one study on the male population of Al-Kharj, 6.5% of the adult males above the age of 35 years-were diagnosed as diabetic. 5 The prevalence increased to 11% in thosebetween 55 and 64 years old and to 23% in those above 65 years of age. In a survey of 1018 patients referred to King Abdulaziz Hospital in Jeddah, 30% of the patients had diabetes mellitus. 6 In a comprehensive investigation on the population of the Western Region of Saudi Arabia, a prevalence of 4.95% and 4.3% was encountered in urban 7 andrural 8 populations,respectively. Otherstudies have shown that the majority of Saudi diabetics suffer from noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetes, 9,10 though type I diabetes 11 and type II diabetes of the young (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) 12 have been reported in isolated cases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Accepted For Publication 4 December 1988mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Hyperglycemia in Different Regions of Saudi Arabia

El‐Hazmi

Warsy

1989

Ann Saudi Med

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“…Of relevance is the higher frequency of diabetes encountered in the Riyadh population compared to the findings of two studies from the Western region. 10,11 This may be due to differences in the socioeconomic status in a majority of the population in Riyadh. Riyadh is the capital of the country and the impact of modernization is higher here than in other parts of the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Population of Riyadh

Al-Swailem

et al. 1995

Annals of Saudi Medicine

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This study was conducted in Riyadh to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Blood samples (3981) were collected from Saudi male and female adults (2402) and children (1579) during a household screening program conducted over a period of two years from September 1991 to September 1993. Fasting blood samples were collected and each individual was given an oral glucose load. Two-hour postprandial blood glucose was estimated and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. The diabetic patients were further grouped into noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) depending on the age of onset and mode of treatment. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM) was 4.76% in males and 4.10% in the females in the two-to 70-year age group. Ten individuals of the 3981 were suffering from IDDM, giving an incidence of two to three per 1000. When the children <14 years were removed, the prevalence increased to 8.235% and 6.476% in the males and females respectively, while in the >30 year old group, the prevalence increased to 16.0% and 12.34% in the males and females. Further significant increase in NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was observed with age (P<0.05). NIDDM was more frequent in males while IGT was more frequent in females. This paper presents the results of screening in Riyadh and stresses the need for diabetes mellitus awareness programs in the Saudi population. Ann Saudi Med 1995; 15(6):598-601. Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, is characterized by a state of hyperglycemia resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency or inefficiency of insulin.1 Epidemiological studies conducted on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have led to better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and natural history of diabetes in several populations of the world. [2][3][4][5][6] It is of interest that although diabetes mellitus is encountered in all populations, there is a significant variation in its prevalence in different parts of the world. Of relevance are the findings that both environmental and genetic factors are implicated as possible modulators of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. 7The diabetes demography categorizes the countries worldwide into four groups, depending on the prevalence of the disease 7 as follows: 1) low prevalence countries with prevalence <3% in the >30 year age group; 2) moderateprevalence countries with prevalence ranging between 3% and 10%; 3) high-prevalence countries with prevalence between 11% and 20%; and 4) extremely high prevalence countries with prevalence >40%.In Saudi Arabia, a few reports have indicated the presence of diabetes mellitus in the different regions of the country. In a study from Riyadh, the prevalence in men over the age of 35 years was reported to be 6%. 8 In another study from Jeddah on hospital patients, diabetes mellitus ...

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“…7 The prevalence of ICAs was found to be low in non-Caucasian diabetic patients from Nigeria 8 and Pima Indians in Arizona, U.S. , 9 indicating the type 2 form. Saudi Arabia has a high incidence of diabetes among its population 10,11 but the prevalence of ICA has not been explored. This study examined the frequencies of ICA as well as CF-ICA and thyroid, stomach, and antinuclear antibodies in Saudi patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.…”

Section: Osmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Islet Cell Antibodies in Adult Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients

et al. 1990

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The sera of 138 Saudi patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (age, 24 to 75 years) were tested for islet-cell autoantibody (ICA), complement-fixing islet cell antibody (CF-ICA), and thyroid, stomach, and antinuclear autoantibodies. The autoantibody tests were also done on 70 nondiabetic normal control subjects matched for age, sex, and weight. Total ICA tests were positive in 13% (18/138) of the diabetics above age 35 years. Six of these sera also fixed complement. A significant incidence of ICA in each subgroup was noted in the following age ranges: 35-44 (12.8%), 45-54 (14.3%), and above 60 years (29.4%). Moreover, the incidence was higher in females (8.7% ; 12/138) than in males (4.3% ; 6/138). These differences were significant (P < 0.001). Control group subjects were all ICA negative. In relation to age at onset above 35 years, Saudi adult diabetics appeared to be characterized by the ICA marker, indicating ongoing beta cell damage and possible subsequent insulin dependency. Thyroid, gastric parietal cell, and antinuclear autoantibodies were absent in the ICA-positive patients but were present in 36.6% (44/120) of the diabetic ICA-negative subjects as well as in 45.7% (32/ 70) of the control subjects. This absence of other organ-specific antibodies in ICA-positive subjects could be due to an altered immunological state produced by

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Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Saudi Arabia

Cited by 108 publications

References 8 publications

A Comparative Study of Hyperglycemia in Different Regions of Saudi Arabia

A Comparative Study of Hyperglycemia in Different Regions of Saudi Arabia

The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Population of Riyadh

Frequency of Islet Cell Antibodies in Adult Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients

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