Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Tripura

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its relationship with the various risks factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending the departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology of TMC &Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital comprised the material of this study. Detailed history, clinical examination and thorough ophthalmological examination including fundus photography of all the diabetic patients under study were done. The glycaemic control was evaluated for all the subjects by estimation of blood glucose and HbA1c, presence of microalbuminuria and lipid profiles. RESULTS: There were 61 (61%) females and 39 (39%) males in the study of which 42 (42%) patients, 15(35.7%) males and 27(64.3%) females had diabetic retinopathy. Among 42 retinopathy patients NPDR, PDR and ADR were 15(35.7%), 17 (40.48%) and 10 (23.81%) respectively. Duration of diabetes was found the most significant contributory factor in the causation of DR (Chi-square -43.66; p<0.01& F-78.037, p=0.00). Other factors which were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy are age (p=0.00), glycaemic control as assessed by HbA1c (p=0.00), blood glucose-fasting (p=0. 00) & postprandial (p=0.00) and MAU (p=0.00). Factors like blood pressure-Systolic (p=0.655) & diastolic (p=0.964), hypercholesterolemia (p=0.140), and BMI (p=0.513) did not show any significant correlation. KEY WORDS: Diabetic retinopathy, type 2 diabetes mellitus INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight threatening, chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that eventually afflicts most patients with DM despite the availability of various modalities of treatment. Upto two percent of type-2 diabetes have retinopathy at the time of first diagnosis and more than 60% of them have some degree of retinopathy by twenty years of diagnosis. 1 DR is a major global cause of total blindness according to the global update of available data on visual impairment in the year 2002. 2 Its prevalence was estimated to be as high as 4.8% of the total of blindness. It is the leading cause of new-onset blindness among American adults aged 20-74 years 3 with an estimated 24, 000 people losing vision each year as a consequence. The risk factors identified to be related to the progression of DR are duration of DM, glycemic control, blood pressure and microalbuminuria. Data on other factors including BMI, male sex, serum lipids and smoking have demonstrated varying results. 4 We aim to study the prevalence of DR in Tripura and its correlation with age, obesity, glycemic control, hypertension and dyslipidemia as there is no data regarding the DR in Tripura so far.

Magnitude of diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients in Menelik II Hospital, Addis Ababa

“…Diabetic retinopathy, one of the chronic micro vascular complications, is a major global cause of total blindness according to the global update on visual impairment in 2002. Its prevalence was estimated to be as high as 4.8% of the total blindness [6]. As the global prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the numbers of people with diabetic retinopathy.…”