Prevalence of diarrhoea among under five children in India and its contextual determinants: A geo-spatial analysis

Ghosh, Koustav; Chakraborty, Atreyee Sinha; Mog, Mithun

doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100813

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Moreover, the study reveals that older adults who belong to the Christian religion were more likely to have diarrhoeal risk than Hindu older adults. However, this finding is inconsistent with previous research on under-five children in India [ 38 , 44 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Logistic regression results reveal that the prevalence of diarrhoea was positively associated with higher age of older adults, who belonged to Scheduled Tribe (22 per cent higher risk) and OBC social group (24 per cent higher risk). The finding is consistent with a study carried out among under-five children in India [ 44 ]. Moreover, the study reveals that older adults who belong to the Christian religion were more likely to have diarrhoeal risk than Hindu older adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Rural-urban differentials in the prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–18

et al. 2022

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Introduction Diarrhoeal diseases are common among children and older adults. Yet, majority of the scientific studies deal with children, neglecting the other vulnerable and growing proportion of the population–the older adults. Therefore, the present study aims to find rural-urban differentials in the prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults in India and its states. Additionally, the study aims to find the correlates of diarrhoea among older adults in India. The study hypothesizes that there are no differences in the prevalence of diarrhoea in rural and urban areas. Methods Data for this study was utilized from the recent Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017–18). The present study included eligible respondents aged 60 years and above (N = 31,464). Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis was presented to reveal the preliminary results. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis was used to fulfil the study objectives. Results About 15% of older adults reported that they suffered from diarrhoea in the last two years. The prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults was found to be highest in Mizoram (33.5 per cent), followed by Chhattisgarh (30.7 per cent) and Bihar (30.2 per cent). There were significant rural-urban differences in the prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults in India (difference: 7.7 per cent). The highest rural-urban differences in the prevalence of diarrhoea were observed among older adults who were 80+ years old (difference: 13.6 per cent), used unimproved toilet facilities (difference: 12.7 per cent), lived in the kutcha house (difference: 10.2 per cent), and those who used unclean source of cooking fuel (difference: 9 per cent). Multivariate results show that the likelihood of diarrhoea was 17 per cent more among older adults who were 80+ years compared to those who belonged to 60–69 years’ age group [AOR: 1.17; CI: 1.04–1.32]. Similarly, the older female had higher odds of diarrhoea than their male counterparts [AOR: 1.19; CI: 1.09–1.30]. The risk of diarrhoea had declined with the increase in the educational level of older adults. The likelihood of diarrhoea was significantly 32 per cent more among older adults who used unimproved toilet facilities than those who used improved toilet facilities [AOR: 1.32; CI: 1.21–1.45]. Similarly, older adults who used unimproved drinking water sources had higher odds of diarrhoea than their counterparts [AOR: 1.45; CI: 1.25–1.69]. Moreover, older adults who belonged to urban areas were 22 per cent less likely to suffer from diarrhoea compared to those who belonged to rural areas [AOR: 0.88; CI: 0.80–0.96]. Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that diarrhoea is a major health problem among older adults in India. There is an immediate need to address this public health concern by raising awareness about poor sanitation and unhygienic practices. With the support of the findings of the present study, policy makers can design interventions for reducing the massive burden of diarrhoea among older adults in rural India.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Rural-urban differentials in the prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–18

et al. 2022

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“…Furthermore, a positive linear relationship between birth order and morbidities was observed in both places of residence, which has been reported in other studies done in developing countries [72][73][74]. The relationship between birth order and child morbidity could result from the possible correlation between the number of children and birth positions.…”

Section: Plos Global Public Healthsupporting

confidence: 79%

Machine learning predictive modelling for identification of predictors of acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea in Uganda’s rural and urban settings

Kananura

2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Despite the widely known preventive interventions, the dyad of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoea remain among the top global causes of mortality in under– 5 years. Studies on child morbidity have enormously applied “traditional” statistical techniques that have limitations in handling high dimension data, which leads to the exclusion of some variables. Machine Learning (ML) models appear to perform better on high dimension data (dataset with the number of features p (usually correlated) larger than the number of observations N). Using Uganda’s 2006–2016 DHS pooled data on children aged 6–59 months, I applied ML techniques to identify rural-urban differentials in the predictors of child’s diarrhoea and ARI. I also used ML to identify other omitted variables in the current child morbidity frameworks. The predictors were grouped into four categories: child characteristics, maternal characteristics, household characteristics and immunisation. I used 90% of the datasets as a training sets (dataset used to fit (train) a prediction model), which were tested or validated (dataset (pseudo new) used for evaluating the performance of the model on a new dataset) on 10% and 30% datasets. The measure of prediction was based on a 10-fold cross-validation (resampling technique). The gradient-boosted machine (ML technique) was the best-selected model for the identification of the predictors of ARI (Accuracy: 100% -rural and 100%-urban) and diarrhoea (Accuracy: 70%-rural and 100%-urban). These factors relate to the household’s structure and composition, which is characterised by poor hygiene and sanitation and poor household environments that make children more suspectable of developing these diseases; maternal socio-economic factors such as education, occupation, and fertility (birth order); individual risk factors such as child age, birth weight and nutritional status; and protective interventions (immunisation). The study findings confirm the notion that ARI and diarrhoea risk factors overlap. The results highlight the need for a holistic approach with multisectoral emphasis in addressing the occurrence of ARI and diarrhoea among children. In particular, the results provide an insight into the importance of implementing interventions that are responsive to the unique structure and composition of the household. Finally, alongside traditional models, machine learning could be applied in generating research hypotheses and providing insight into the selection of key variables that should be considered in the model.

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“…Moreover, this prevalence was higher than studies ndings from Pakistan, Nepal, India, and China. This could be due to the socioeconomic and health system difference between the countries (43,44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and community-level factors associated with under-five diarrhea in Bangladesh: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2014

Kamal

Tewabe

Tsheten

2022

Preprint

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Objective Diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five years in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrhea among children under five years and its associated risk factors. Methods Data was sourced from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), a nationally representative study conducted in 2014. We used multilevel logistic regression models to identify factors associated with diarrheal disease. Results Children aged 6–11 months (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.50 to 3.42), and 12–23 months (OR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.62 to 3.31) were more likely to have diarrhoea than older children. Other significant risk factors for diarrheal infection included households without access to drinking water (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.88) and mothers lacking mass media access (OR: 1.32; 55% CI: 1.01 to 1.73). Conclusions Childhood diarrhoea in Bangladesh was associated with individual and community-level factors. Government and non-government organizations should focus on diarrhea prevention programs such as safe water supply and sanitation, personal hygiene including hand washing, and improved education and access to mass media for mothers of childbearing age.

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Prevalence of diarrhoea among under five children in India and its contextual determinants: A geo-spatial analysis

Cited by 30 publications

References 30 publications

Rural-urban differentials in the prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–18

Rural-urban differentials in the prevalence of diarrhoea among older adults in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–18

Machine learning predictive modelling for identification of predictors of acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea in Uganda’s rural and urban settings

Individual and community-level factors associated with under-five diarrhea in Bangladesh: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2014

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