Prevalence of Dry Eye in Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract

This is the first report of prevalence of dry eye inclusive of signs and symptoms in an elderly Thai population. The prevalence of disease diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and dry eye tests was approximately 2 to 3 times higher than reported in whites. Women were more likely to report symptoms. Positive associations with dry eye tests were found in subjects with pingueculum/pterygium and MGD.

Methods for detection of dry eye in critically ill patients: An Integrative Review

“…Patients with aqueous-deficient (lacrimal glands) and oil layer disorders (Meibomian glands) have the time reduced significantly [38]. Thus, this result is confirmed with other studies that report the time of rupture considered within the larger normal value or equal to 10 seconds [29,39,40]. Also, the study describes that this test should be done without anesthetic, although many health professionals evaluate with eye drops or strips combination with anesthetic eye drops [36].…”

“…This test placed a dry filter paper strip measuring 35 x 5mm in the region of the lower bag at the junction of the side and middle thirds, avoiding touching the cornea for 5 minutes. After this, the strips are removed, and some tears are recorded in millimeters from the pre-calibrated strips [24,29]. In the study of Laight (1996) [19], evidence level II, it is advised that preferably during the test, the lid must remain open.…”

“…An evidence level II study defines as 10 mm to score Schirmer without anesthesia and 5 mm to Schirmer test with anesthesia [29]. Another evidence level IV study evaluates, Schirmer less than or equal to 5 mm in five minutes without the use of anesthetic as a diagnosis of dry eye [24].…”

“…The examiner must visually evaluate the eyelid margin for each patient on both upper and lower eyelids with a slit lamp. Digital pressure is constantly applied to the upper and lower tarsus and, after that, the Meibomian gland and the degree of obstruction should be evaluated [26,29,31,41].…”

Topical Azithromycin 1% in acute management of inflammatory pterygium

“…11 The exact mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis is unclear, but it has been associated with various chronic stimuli such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, sawdust and wind exposure, and dry eye disease. [12][13][14] These insults may trigger common inflammatory cascade mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway which has recently been shown to be activated in pterygium. 15 Topical azithromycin (1%) is approved by FDA as a topical antibiotic for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, however it has been shown recently to relieve inflammatory sign and symptom of posterior blepharitis as measured by eyelid redness and meibomian gland blockade.…”