Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic noncommunicable disease (NCD), has assumed epidemic proportions worldwide. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is defined as chronic high blood glucose levels due to the deficiency of insulin or resistance to it. Dyslipidemia is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases in patients with T2D. It is characterized by elevated plasma triglyceride (TG), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is mostly present in patients with DM.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study at the King Faisal University (KFU) Health Center in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The data of patients from October 2014 to February 2021 were collected. We collected the patients' data from the KFU Health Center after obtaining approval from the KFU polyclinic administration. Prior ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board of Ethics and Research Committee in the College of Medicine, KFU (approval number, 2020-10-62). We collected patients' data, including their gender, age, nationality, and blood analysis (lipids profile -TGs, HDL, LDL, and hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] levels).Result: This study included 191 patients with T2D, 137 (71.7%) were from Saudi Arabia, and 54 (28.3%) were from other countries. Patients' age ranged from 21 to 100 years, with a mean age of 56.2 ± 11.8 years. There were 107 (56%) females. Cholesterol levels ranged from 102 to 300 mg/dl with a mean value of 187.3 mg/dl. Conclusion:In the current study, we assessed the association between HbA1c levels and lipid profiles in patients with T2D at the KFU Health Center in the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Our results on the adjusted relationship of HbA1c with lipid profile through regression model have demonstrated that HDL alone had significant adjusted relation with HbA1c if other factors are kept constant. We suggest focusing on TC and HDL levels in T2D health management in future studies.

Oral health’s role in diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study with sociodemographic and lifestyle insights

“…This commonality explains why hypertension was a significant risk factor for diabetes in the regression model, with insulin resistance contributing to increased blood pressure ( 51 ). Similarly, hypercholesterolemia’s association with diabetes is characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol levels, which impair insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, pivotal in diabetes development, explaining its contribution to diabetes risk in the current study ( 52 ). Additionally, the presence of peptic ulcers, a significant predictor in this study, intersects with diabetes through shared risk factors like medication use, stress, and susceptibility to infections.…”

Determinants of Vitamin D deficiency among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A retrospective study

“…[17] Recent Indian and Chinese studies have reported 75% and 64% of VDD among T2DM individuals, respectively. [18,19] A Saudi study reported a 47.3% incidence of VDD among T2DM patients. Likewise, a significant difference was observed between VDD and higher HbA1c levels compared to nonvitamin D deficient diabetics with normal HbA1c (P < .001).…”

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Prospects: A Rapid Narrative Review

“…T2DM is drawing a connection between several metabolic aberrations [ 30 , 31 ] that comprise IR and fall-off insulin synthesis [ 18 , 32 , 33 ], leading to sustained high blood glucose levels and the breach of the normal lipid metabolism process (e.g., cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and HDL-C) [ 34 ], which germinates hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and sequentially glares CVD [ 33 , 35 ]. It has been reported that individuals with an average glycemic index (much before the diagnosis of T2DM) frequently have dyslipidemia, e.g., low HDL-C, high LDL-C, and triglyceride levels [ 33 , 36 ].…”