Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a South African City with a Predominantly Black African Population

Urban, Michael; Olivier, Leana; Viljoen, Denis; Lombard, Chanelle; Louw, Jacobus G.; Drotsky, Lian-Marie; Temmerman, Marleen; Chersich, Matthew

doi:10.1111/acer.12726

Cited by 41 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Drinking during pregnancy has been correlated with negative pregnancy outcomes including an increase in spontaneous abortion, fetal growth retardation, premature delivery, abruptio placentae and breech presentations. [7] During the first trimester, alcohol can change the way in which cells grow and organise them selves and result in abnormalities of the face, heart, brain, limbs and urogenital system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Should drinking during pregnancy be criminalised to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Gardner

2016

S Afr J BL

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The harmful effects of alcohol use during pregnancy have been well documented. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the collective term encompassing the various clinical diagnoses that can occur in a child who was exposed to alcohol prenatally. The affected child suffers a range of lifelong primary and secondary disabilities. There is no cure for FASD, but it is preventable if women do not drink during pregnancy. Should women be banned from, and/or punished for drinking during pregnancy for the sake of preventing fetal harm? This article considers the appropriateness of criminalising drinking during pregnancy as a means of preventing fetal harm and consequently FASD in children, and concludes that criminal approaches are unjustified, potentially discriminatory and likely to be ineffective.S Afr J BL 2016:9(1):26-30.

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confidence: 99%

Should drinking during pregnancy be criminalised to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Gardner

2016

S Afr J BL

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“…Since 1997, various prevalence studies in SA have revealed FAS rates as high as 26 per 1 000 in Gauteng; [13] 64, 74.7, and 119.4 per 1 000 in Upington, Kimberley and De Aar, Northern Cape, respectively; [14,15] 6.7, 9.6 and 100 per 1 000 in the Saldanha Bay Municipality, the Witzenberg sub-district, and Aurora on the West Coast, respectively; [16] and 290 per 1 000 in the Winelands area. [17] The SA studies involve all the cultural groups living in these rural, peri-urban and urban communities (Fig.…”

Section: Fas and Fasd Prevalence Studies In South Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dysmorphology features included the primary facial features of FAS such as short palpebral fissures, narrow upper vermillion border, smooth philtrum of the upper lip. [15] School educators could also refer consented grade 1 learners with learning, health or psychosocial problems.…”

Section: Screening and Clinical Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[32] Six developmental domains, namely locomotor (gross motor skills), eye-hand (fine motor coordination), personal-social (adaptive functioning), hearing-speech (verbal ability), performance (pattern construction and speed of performance) and practical reasoning (numerical, time and spatial concepts) were assessed. [15] For each domain, raw scores were converted to z-scores and ultimately a GQ (general quotient as an aggregated scored based on all 6 sub-domains on which the learner is tested). Two or more standard deviations below the mean of the GMDS-ER were indicative of a significant delay.…”

Section: Neurodevelopmental Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A diagnosis of ARBD was made when a birth defect such as a heart murmur was present, as well as a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. [15,16,27] Due to limitations related to the study and the instruments used, the primary focus was on the identification of FAS. The researchers therefore acknowledge that most cases of ARND, and ARBD, and even some cases of pFAS, were missed.…”

Section: Case Conferencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevalence rates in South Africa

2016

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Background. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is an under-diagnosed condition in South Africa (SA). Fetal alcohol syndrome and FASD community prevalence studies were undertaken in 17 towns in three of the nine provinces in SA. Objective. The objective for all the studies was to determine the FASD prevalence rates by assessing the grade 1 learners in all the studies, using international FASD diagnostic criteria. Methods. The same methodology was used for all the studies in Gauteng, Western and Northern Cape provinces. Consenting grade 1 learners received anthropometric screening, clinical examinations and neurodevelopmental assessments. Structured interviews were used to assess maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Results. Reported prevalence rates ranged from 29 to 290 per 1 000 live births. Conclusion. FASD rates from studies conducted in SA are among the highest worldwide. FASD affects all communities in SA and is therefore a major public health concern in SA. Multidisciplinary and intersectoral interventions are urgently required to raise awareness about the dangers of prenatal alcohol exposure and the devastating effect of FASD on the lives of children, families and communities.

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Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth

et al. 2017

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Prevalence estimates are essential to effectively prioritize, plan, and deliver health care to high-needs populations such as children and youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). However, most countries do not have population-level prevalence data for FASD.OBJECTIVE To obtain prevalence estimates of FASD among children and youth in the general population by country, by World Health Organization (WHO) region, and globally.

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Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a South African City with a Predominantly Black African Population

Cited by 41 publications

References 35 publications

Should drinking during pregnancy be criminalised to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Should drinking during pregnancy be criminalised to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevalence rates in South Africa

Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth

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