Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV and Malaria Co Infection among Patients Infected with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Gedarif, Eastern Sudan

Mohammed, Hashim B; Ali, AbdelAziem A.; Idriss, Mubarak Ibrahim; Gasmelseid, Khalid M; Yousif, Mona M; Ibrahem, Abdalazeem A; Abdallah, Tajeldin M.

doi:10.17352/2455-5363.000010

Cited by 9 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Thus, a total of seven studies [ 20 – 26 ] remained and were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. An additional three studies [ 27 – 29 ], identified through the review of reference lists of the included studies, and two studies [ 30 , 31 ] identified from Google Scholar, were also included, resulting in a overall total of 12 studies [ 20 – 31 ] (Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the included studies identified Plasmodium infection using microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). For the identification of VL infection, four of the included studies used immuno-chromatographic techniques (ICTs) or RDTs [ 20 , 24 , 27 , 28 ]; three studies used ICTs, microscopic examination and direct agglutination tests (DATs) [ 25 , 26 , 29 ]; three studies used DATs and microscopy [ 21 , 30 , 31 ]; and one study used DATs and bone marrow aspiration (smear and culture) [ 22 ]. The presence of anemia and malnutrition at admission in patients with co-infection and those with VL was reported in three studies [ 25 , 26 , 30 ] (Additional file 2 : Table S2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using STROBE. Eleven of the studies [ 20 , 21 , 23 – 31 ] were of high quality, whereas the other one [ 22 ] was of low quality (Additional file 3 : Table S3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 ). The lowest prevalences of co-infection were reported in 1991 (11%) [ 27 ], 2016 (9%) [ 31 ], 1995 (6%) [ 22 ], 2020 (3%) [ 24 ] and 2008 (1%) [ 23 ].

Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In African countries, a high proportion of male patients (100%, 79.3% and 69.1%) was reported by Ferede et al [ 21 ], Mohammed et al [ 31 ] and van den Bogaart et al [ 25 ], respectively. A study by van den Bogaart et al [ 26 ] reported an equal proportion of male and female patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and characteristics of malaria co-infection among individuals with visceral leishmaniasis in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Malaria and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) co-infection can occur due to the overlapping geographical distributions of these diseases; however, only limited data of this co-infection have been reported and reviewed. This study aimed to explore the pooled prevalence and characteristics of this co-infection using a systematic review approach. Methods The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. The quality of these studies was assessed in accordance with strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. The numbers of individuals co-infected with Plasmodium and VL and the total numbers of individuals with VL were used to estimate the pooled prevalence using random-effects models. Differences in age, sex and the presence of anemia and malnutrition on admission were compared between co-infected individuals and individuals with VL using a random-effects model; the results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed and quantified using Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. Results Of the 3075 studies identified, 12 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium infection among the 6453 individuals with VL was 13%, with substantial heterogeneity of the data (95% CI 7–18%, I2 97.9%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the highest prevalence of co-infection occurred in African countries, whereas the lowest prevalence occurred in Asian countries. Patients aged < 5 years had higher odds of having co-infection than having VL (co-infection, n = 202; VL, n = 410) (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.37–2.01, I2 0%; P < 0.0001), whereas patients aged 20–29 years had lower odds of having co-infection than having VL (co-infection, n = 170; VL, n = 699) (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60–0.93, I2 18%; P = 0.01). Male patients had equivalent odds of having co-infection and having VL (co-infection, n = 525; VL, n = 2232) (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.078–1.08, I2 0%; P = 0.29). Patients with co-infection had lower odds of having anemia at admission than those with VL (co-infection, n = 902; VL, n = 2939) (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44–0.93, I2 0%; P = 0.02). No difference in malnutrition at admission was found in the meta-analysis. Conclusions The prevalence of malaria co-infection among individuals with VL was heterogeneous and ranged from 7 to 18%, depending on geographical area. Age and anemia at admission were associated with co-infection status. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine if co-infection with malaria has an impact on the severity of VL. Graphical abstract

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 ). The lowest prevalences of co-infection were reported in 1991 (11%) [ 27 ], 2016 (9%) [ 31 ], 1995 (6%) [ 22 ], 2020 (3%) [ 24 ] and 2008 (1%) [ 23 ].

Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and characteristics of malaria co-infection among individuals with visceral leishmaniasis in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Advances in Antileishmanial Chemotherapy

Shuhail,

Das,

Datta

et al. 2023

Challenges and Solutions Against Visceral Leishmaniasis

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Prognostic factors for mortality among patients with visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease that is deadly if left untreated. Understanding which factors have prognostic value may help to focus clinical management and reduce case fatality. However, information about prognostic factors is scattered and conflicting. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify prognostic factors for mortality among VL patients in East Africa. Methodology/Principal findings The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016043112). We included studies published in English after 1970 describing VL patients treated in East African health facilities. To be included, studies had to report on associations between clinical or laboratory factors and mortality during admission or during VL treatment, with a minimal study size of ten patients. Conference abstracts and evaluations of genetic or immunological prognostic factors were excluded. We searched for studies in MEDLINE and four other databases in December 2018. To assess the risk of bias in observational studies and clinical trials, we used the Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool. We included 48 studies in the systematic review, describing 150,072 VL patients of whom 7,847 (5.2%) died. Twelve prognostic factors were evaluated in five or more studies and these results were submitted to metaanalysis producing one pooled crude odds ratio (OR) per prognostic factor. The following factors were strongly (OR>3) and significantly (P-value<0.05) associated with mortality: jaundice (OR = 8.27), HIV (OR = 4.60), tuberculosis (OR = 4.06), age >45 years (OR = 3.69), oedema (OR = 3.52), bleeding (OR = 3.37), and haemoglobin �6.5 g/dl (OR = 3.26). Factors significantly and moderately (OR between one and three) associated with death were severe malnutrition, long duration of illness, young age (<5 years), and large spleen size.

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Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV and Malaria Co Infection among Patients Infected with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Gedarif, Eastern Sudan

Abstract: Background: Concomitant infections with HBV,

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Prevalence and characteristics of malaria co-infection among individuals with visceral leishmaniasis in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence and characteristics of malaria co-infection among individuals with visceral leishmaniasis in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Advances in Antileishmanial Chemotherapy

Prognostic factors for mortality among patients with visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis

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