Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and associated factors among male illicit drug users in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Novais, Antônia Carlos Magalhães; Lopes, Carmen Luci Rodrigues; Reis, Nádia Rúbia da Silva; Silva, Ágabo Macêdo Costa e; Martins, Regina Maria Bringel; Souto, Francisco José Dutra

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762009000600012

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This result corresponds well with that of a previous study of Korean injecting drug users [Yun et al, 2008] as well as in patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease in Korea [Suh and Jeong, 2006]. In other countries, genotype 1a [Beld et al, 1998;Muasya et al, 2008;Novais et al, 2009] or 3a [Kalinina et al, 2001;Micalessi et al, 2008;Sereno et al, 2009;Demetriou et al, 2010;Mehta et al, 2010;Ciccozzi et al, 2011] were reported as the most common genotype among injecting drug users. With regard to the treatment outcome, genotype 1 is generally associated with lower rates of the complete eradication with interferon a therapy [Scott and Gretch, 2007].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of hepatitis B, C, and HIV infections among injecting drug users in Korea

Min

Yoon

Lee

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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Injecting drug use is associated with an increased risk of blood-borne viral infections, such as hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, their prevalence, virological characteristics, and associated factors are not clear among the injecting drug users in Korea. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection, as well as their virological and clinical characteristics of injecting drug users in South Korea. Between 2007 and 2010, 318 injecting drug users (89.3% male; mean ± age 41.9 ± 8.15 years) were participated. While HIV infection was not found, the seroprevalence of anti-HCV and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was 48.4% (n = 154) and 6.6% (n = 21), respectively. HBV/HCV co-infection was found in 4.1% (n = 13). Occult HBV infection was suggested in 5.0% (n = 16). Among the HCV genotypes, 1b (37.7%) and 2a/2c (35.7%) were mostly often detected. HCV RNA was detected in 98.1% (n = 151/154) and high-level viremia (HCV RNA level, ≥400,000 IU/ml) were observed in 59.6% (n = 90/151). In multiple logistic regression analysis, old age (OR 1.18 per year, 95% CI = 1.09-1.27) and ever-sharing injecting equipment (OR 4.17, 95% CI = 1.39-12.45) independently predicted HCV mono-infection. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infection were high but largely undiagnosed in the present sample of Korean injecting drug users. Strategic prevention, screening, and treatment are needed to reduce further transmission and morbidity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of hepatitis B, C, and HIV infections among injecting drug users in Korea

Min

Yoon

Lee

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The factors associated with HCV infection detected in illicit drug users in Breves are similar to those reported in epidemiological studies in different Brazilian municipalities for this risk group [3][4][5][6]11 . Specifi cally, the risk factors for HCV infection are identical to those detected in cocaine users in the State of Pará 11 , thus confi rming the local epidemiological profi le of HCV transmission in illicit drug users.…”

supporting

confidence: 77%

“…In Brazil, epidemiological studies of HCV infection in illicit drug users are still rare. The prevalence of HCV infection in illicit drug users sampled in metropolitan areas in the Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions of Brazil ranged from 5% to 36% [3][4][5][6][7] . There are frequent reports of clinical cases of hepatitis or pathologies associated with HCV infection in other population groups in northern Brazil [8][9][10][11] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of HCV infection and associated factors among illicit drug users in Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil

Pacheco

Silva-Oliveira

Maradei-Pereira

et al. 2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Illicit drug users (DUs) are vulnerable to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The shared use of illicit drugs is the main method of HCV transmission. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Breves, in northern Brazil. We surveyed 187 DUs to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with HCV infection. Results: The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 36.9%, and the prevalence of hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was 31%. Hepatitis C virus infection was associated with tattoos, intravenous drug use, shared use of equipment for drug use, drug use for longer than 3 years, and daily drug use. Conclusions: Strategies for preventing and controlling HCV transmission should be implemented among DUs.Keywords: Hepatitis C virus. Illicit drug users. Northern Brazil.Currently, the sharing of drug paraphernalia is the main transmission method for hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. It is estimated that more than 60% of new HCV infection cases recorded each year are related to the use of illicit drugs, particularly injected drugs 1,2 . In Brazil, epidemiological studies of HCV infection in illicit drug users are still rare. The prevalence of HCV infection in illicit drug users sampled in metropolitan areas in the Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions of Brazil ranged from 5% to 36% 3-7 . There are frequent reports of clinical cases of hepatitis or pathologies associated with HCV infection in other population groups in northern Brazil [8][9][10][11] . It is known that most illicit drug users in Pará do not consume injected drugs and are infected with HCV genotype 1 10,11 . This study estimated the prevalence of HCV infection and assessed the factors associated with HCV infection in illicit drug users in the municipality of Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil.This cross-sectional study of a non-probabilistic convenience sample was based on information and biological samples provided by illicit drug users in an area of intense illicit drug use located in Breves (01° 40' 55" S 50° 28' 48" O), Archipelago of Marajó, Pará, northern Brazil. Illicit drug users in areas of intense drug consumption were sampled using the snowball technique 11 . Individuals were eligible for the study if they were older than 17 years of age and agreed to answer a specifi c questionnaire and have a blood sample taken and tested for molecular and serologic markers in the period from August to All samples were tested for HCV antibodies and hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA). Anti-HCV antibodies were tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Murex anti-HCV 4.0, Murex Biotech). HCV RNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 67 base pairs of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), as described elsewhere 9 . Confi dence intervals (CIs) were determined for infection prevalence estimates. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were calculated to assess the independent effects of variables 12 . The fi t of the fi nal model was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-f...

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“…This may also indicate that longer exposure to risk factors increases the probability of infection with HCV. These two risk factors for HCV infection have also been detected in other Brazilian populations, including blood donors in the Brazilian state of Pará [12,15,17,33]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon

Filho

Sawada

Pinto

et al. 2014

Virol J

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BackgroundCurrently, sharing of drug paraphernalia is the main form of HCV transmission worldwide. In South America, consistent findings indicate that shared sniffing equipment is an important factor in the spread of HCV among non-injecting drug users. Epidemiological data on the status of HCV infection in illicit drug users in the Amazon region are scarce, although reports of clinical cases of hepatitis or pathologies associated with HCV infection in other population groups are numerous. Thereby, this study investigated the prevalence, genotype frequency, and epidemiological factors associated with HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the state of Pará, eastern Amazon.ResultsDuring 2008–2011, 300 non-injecting drug users attending drug-treatment centers participated in this study. Most non-injecting drug users were male (63.7%). The mean age was 32.5 years. The non-injecting drugs most consumed were: cannabis (15.6%), cocaine paste (21.3%), and oxi cocaine (25.7%). Tobacco (60.9%) and alcohol (79.4%) were also commonly consumed. One hundred six (35.1%; CI 95%: 29.8 - 41.1) non-injecting drug users presented anti-HCV antibodies by EIA. The HCV-RNA prevalence was 28.0% (95% CI: 20.6 - 35.8). Genotypes 1 (76.9%) and 3 (23.1%) of HCV have been identified. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that HCV infection was independently associated with the following factors: “age (≥ 35 years)”, “tattoos”, “use of a needle or syringe sterilized at home”, “shared use of drug paraphernalia”, “uses drugs for more than 5 years”, and “use of drugs everyday”.ConclusionsThis study revealed a high prevalence of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users, and most infections are occasioned by genotype 1. Likely, HCV transmission is associated with the tattoos, the use of needle or syringe sterilized at home by people over the age of 35 years, and sharing, time and frequency of use of non-injecting drugs. These findings should serve as an incentive for the establishment of a program of Hepatitis C prevention and control by the local public-health authorities in order to develop effective policies and strategies for contain the spread of HCV infection.

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Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and associated factors among male illicit drug users in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of hepatitis B, C, and HIV infections among injecting drug users in Korea

Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of hepatitis B, C, and HIV infections among injecting drug users in Korea

Prevalence of HCV infection and associated factors among illicit drug users in Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil

Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon

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