Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in an area endemic for hepatitis B virus and human T cell leukaemia virus

Ochi, Shigeki; Onji, Morikazu; Shiraishi, Kazuhito; Ohtu, Kyoko; Akao, Tomohiro; Yano, Yoshito; Takei, Nobuyuki; Matsui, Hikaru; Ohta, Yasuyuki; Umeda, Masakichi

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb00918.x

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The estimated HCV prevalence was 1–1.9%. Published estimates come from a large number of blood donor (138, 143–149) and subgroup‐based studies throughout the country from 1991 to 2010 (140, 141, 145, 147, 150–184). A study of pregnant women in 1990–1994 found a prevalence of 0.3% in women <40, and 1.8% in women over 40, suggestive of the importance of historical risk factors (140).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt

Sievert

Altraif

Razavi

et al. 2011

Liver International

495

379

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Background: The hepatitis C pandemic has been systematically studied and characterized in North America and Europe, but this important public health problem has not received equivalent attention in other regions. Aim: The objective of this systematic review was to characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in selected countries of Asia, Australia and Egypt, i.e. in a geographical area inhabited by over 40% of the global population. Methodology: Data references were identified through indexed journals and non‐indexed sources. In this work, 7770 articles were reviewed and 690 were selected based on their relevance. Results: We estimated that 49.3–64.0 million adults in Asia, Australia and Egypt are anti‐HCV positive. China alone has more HCV infections than all of Europe or the Americas. While most countries had prevalence rates from 1 to 2% we documented several with relatively high prevalence rates, including Egypt (15%), Pakistan (4.7%) and Taiwan (4.4%). Nosocomial infection, blood transfusion (before screening) and injection drug use were identified as common risk factors in the region. Genotype 1 was common in Australia, China, Taiwan and other countries in North Asia, while genotype 6 was found in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. In India and Pakistan genotype 3 was predominant, while genotype 4 was found in Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Conclusion: We recommend implementation of surveillance systems to guide effective public health policy that may lead to the eventual curtailment of the spread of this pandemic infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt

Sievert

Altraif

Razavi

et al. 2011

Liver International

495

379

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“…Anti-HTLV-I antibody was estimated by Karpas ATLA kit (Denka Seken, enzyme immunoassay). 5 Standard control, both positive and negative were used for assays. In 2018, all assays were accomplished based on standard estimation procedures of Japan,…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High prevalence of hepatitis and HTLV has been reported from different parts of Ehime prefecture and its Islands. 5 To assess more insights about prevalence of various infectious diseases, a unique mass screening system has been initiated at Ehime. This has been done by ship so that the remote islands can be enrolled in surveillance process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surveillance of Hepatitis Viruses in Several Small Islands of Japan by Ship: A Public Health Approach for Elimination of Hepatitis Viruses by 2030

Akao

Onji

Kawasaki

et al. 2017

Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology

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Aim: In 1990, an epidemiological survey by ship in some Japanese islands revealed high prevalence of hepatitis viruses and human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV). A second prevalence study of these viruses were accomplished in 2018, 28 years after initial survey. Analysis of these studies provide insights about strategies of elimination of hepatitis viruses at remote areas. Materials and methods: In 2018, prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HTLV was checked in 305 subjects in the islands those covered in 1990's survey. Hepatitis A virus was checked by the presence of anti-HAV IgG in sera; HBV was affirmed when hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in sera. Hepatitis C virus infection was evaluated by the presence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) and infection with HTLV was estimated by immunoassay. The methodology of assessment of different hepatitis viruses were optimized on the basis of present scientific knowhow. Results: In 1990, the prevalence of HAV (presence of anti-HAV), HBV (presence of HBsAg), HCV (positivity for anti-HCV), and HTLV was found in 79.3%, 11.1%, 2.2%, and 3.3% of apparently health subjects of the islands, respectively. The prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV, and HTLV was 47.9%, 4.6%, 1.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, in 2018. A shift of age of infected persons tilted towards right as the days progressed. Conclusion: The study indicates a scenario of elimination of hepatitis viruses in Japan as lower trends of prevalence of HAV, HBV, and HCV have been recorded in 2018 compared with 1990, mainly by preventive measures. The most notable finding is that there are almost no new case below the age of 40 years, indicating an effective containment measure against these viruses.

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“…In comparison, HCV infection among blood donors or the general population is mostly low (1-2%) even in areas where HBV infection is endemic [Degos 1994;Bhandari and Wright, 1995;McCarthy et al, 1994;Ochi et al, 1991;Soni et al, 1993;Biltz et al, 1994]. This discrepancy between the high HBV and low HCV infection rates has been mainly attributed to a lack of introduction of HCV to the community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

High rate of hepatitis C virus infection in an isolated community: Persistent hyperendemicity or period-related phenomena?

Hsu

Yuh

et al. 1997

J. Med. Virol.

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We investigated underlying risks for hyperendemic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among the 1853 inhabitants of a mountainous village in Eastern Taiwan with high prevalence of HCV and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among the 80 selected adults, we found that having resided away from the village before 1985 was protective against HCV infection, while residing in the village after 1985 posed little risk for HCV infection to children and young adults < 30 years of age. Among the 559 school children 7 through 14 years of age, anti-HCV prevalence was 1.9%, and the HBV carrier rate was 29%. Following up 270 children 1 year later, we found that new HCV infection occurred in 0.74% and new or repeated HBV infection occurred in 6.5% of the children, indicating distinct transmission patterns between HBV and HCV. Children of anti-HCV-positive mothers were either anti-HCV-negative or were infected by distinct genotypes of HCV from those infecting their mothers; most married couples in whom both were infected, were infected by HCV of discordant genotypes, indicating negligible importance of sexual or vertical HCV transmission. A case-control study comparing 13 anti-HCV-positive and 53 anti-HCV-negative children showed that having received parenteral medication in local clinics was a significant risk for HCV infection. Our data indicate that, unlike the case of HBV, HCV transmission by vertical or sexual route, or through casual contact are extremely inefficient, and our data further suggest that HCV hyperendemicity is unlikely to persist as a result of the more stringent practice of parenteral precautions in nearly all aspects of daily life.

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Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in an area endemic for hepatitis B virus and human T cell leukaemia virus

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt

A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt

Surveillance of Hepatitis Viruses in Several Small Islands of Japan by Ship: A Public Health Approach for Elimination of Hepatitis Viruses by 2030

High rate of hepatitis C virus infection in an isolated community: Persistent hyperendemicity or period-related phenomena?

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