Prevalence of HIV-1 Primary Drug Resistance in Seroconverters of the ICoNA Cohort Over the Period 1996???2001

Violin, Michela; R, Velleca; Cozzi‐Lepri, Alessandro; Riva, Chiara; Grossi, Paolo; Carnevale, G; Rizzardini, Giuliano; Petrelli, Enzo; Perno, Carlo Federico; Monforte, Antonella d’Arminio; Balotta, Claudia

doi:10.1097/00126334-200406010-00017

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In Switzerland, the reported prevalence of primary resistance is from 5% to 10%, 12,45 compared to 8% to 17% in France, 46,47 13% in Germany, 13,48 14% in England, 49 23% to 26% in Spain, 50 15% to 29% in the United States, [51][52][53] 14% in Israel, 54 and 16% in Italy. 14 Grant et al 8 showed that in California, primary NNRTI resistance in recently infected individuals was high, but as we see in our study, viruses presenting resistance to all three antiretroviral classes are as yet uncommon. Other authors have also shown that the prevalence of primary resistance increases over time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 39%

“…6 These values are lower than those documented in other areas of the developed world. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The HIV-1 clade that is predominant in Brazil is clade B (approximately 70%). However, in contrast to what has been observed in the United States, appreciable numbers of HIV-1 infections caused by clade F (approximately 15%), C clades (approximately 3%), and recombinant forms (approximately 12%) have been reported in Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Levels of Primary Antiretroviral Resistance Genotypic Mutations And B/F Recombinants in Santos, Brazil

Sucupira

Caseiro

Alves

et al. 2007

AIDS Patient Care and STDs

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This study characterized HIV-1 among antiretroviral-naïve populations presenting recent infection (RI) or long-standing infection (LSI). Sera collected from January 1999 to December 2001 at an anonymous HIV testing site in Santos, Brazil, were submitted to serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS). The STARHS methodology uses a combination of a sensitive and a less sensitive version of an anti-HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and specimens found to be positive on the sensitive EIA and negative on the less sensitive EIA are considered to represent RI. HIV-1 V3 and pol regions of those with RI and LSI were compared. Antiretroviral resistance was defined solely by genotypic analysis. Ninety samples were evaluated representing those taken from an original cohort of 345 individuals, for whom adequate samples were available. Of 90 HIV-positive individuals, 25 presented RI. Cumulatively, 36.8% of those with RI and 25% of those with LSI presented resistance to at least one antiretroviral class. In the pol and V3 regions, 47% and 53% of those with RI presented clade B viruses and B/F recombinant viruses, respectively, whereas 56.2%, 41.7%, and 2.1% of those with LSI harbored clades B, B/F, and clade C viruses, respectively. Primary resistance and the prevalence of B/F recombinants was high in this population. Monitoring HIV-1 genetic diversity is important for developing vaccines and treatment strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 39%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Levels of Primary Antiretroviral Resistance Genotypic Mutations And B/F Recombinants in Santos, Brazil

Sucupira

Caseiro

Alves

et al. 2007

AIDS Patient Care and STDs

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“…The prevalence of newly transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 strains (primary HIV-1 drug resistance) varies widely with location, transmission risk group, and the sampling time after infection [14,15,18,[20][21][22][23][35][36][37]. Variations in prevalence are multifactorial and reflect different treatment exposures at the population level, potential selection bias caused by nonrepresentative sampling of certain transmission risk groups, different definitions of resistance [38,39], different sampling times after infection, and different risk behavior and access to therapy among transmission risk groups.…”

Section: Transmission and Epidemiology Of Drug-resistant Hiv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing in Adult HIV‐1 Infection: 2008 Recommendations of an International AIDS Society–USA Panel

et al. 2008

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Resistance to antiretroviral drugs remains an important limitation to successful human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) therapy. Resistance testing can improve treatment outcomes for infected individuals. The availability of new drugs from various classes, standardization of resistance assays, and the development of viral tropism tests necessitate new guidelines for resistance testing. The International AIDS Society-USA convened a panel of physicians and scientists with expertise in drug-resistant HIV-1, drug management, and patient care to review recently published data and presentations at scientific conferences and to provide updated recommendations. Whenever possible, resistance testing is recommended at the time of HIV infection diagnosis as part of the initial comprehensive patient assessment, as well as in all cases of virologic failure. Tropism testing is recommended whenever the use of chemokine receptor 5 antagonists is contemplated. As the roll out of antiretroviral therapy continues in developing countries, drug resistance monitoring for both subtype B and non-subtype B strains of HIV will become increasingly important.

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“…I n recent years investigators have begun monitoring the HIV epidemic by reporting changes in the proportion of newly infected persons who are carrying an HIV-1 drugresistant strain, i.e., the primary or acute resistant fraction. Several studies report decreases in this primary resistant fraction (1-7), including transient decreases (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Unfortunately, none of these studies included precise longitudinal data on the exact number and type of infected persons or of the fraction of the total population that is screened for acute infection or resistance, and as we show here, making direct interpretations from data collected from a subset of the population can lead to erroneous conclusions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

HIV Drug-resistant Strains as Epidemiologic Sentinels

Sánchez

Grant

Porco

et al. 2006

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Prevalence of HIV-1 Primary Drug Resistance in Seroconverters of the ICoNA Cohort Over the Period 1996???2001

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

High Levels of Primary Antiretroviral Resistance Genotypic Mutations And B/F Recombinants in Santos, Brazil

High Levels of Primary Antiretroviral Resistance Genotypic Mutations And B/F Recombinants in Santos, Brazil

Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing in Adult HIV‐1 Infection: 2008 Recommendations of an International AIDS Society–USA Panel

HIV Drug-resistant Strains as Epidemiologic Sentinels

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