Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict-affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review

Spiegel, Paul; Bennedsen, Anne Rygaard; Claass, Johanna; Bruns, Laurie; Patterson, Njogu; Yiweza, Dieudonne; Schilperoord, Marian

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61015-0

Cited by 183 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Comprehensive surveillance data from seven countries allowed a rigorous appraisal of this assumption and eventually led to a paradigm shift in understanding and mitigating HIV risk amongst displaced populations (Spiegel et al, 2007). Once again, the humanitarian community must carefully examine its basic assumptions, this time with regards to violence against children.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of humanitarian emergencies on the prevalence of violence against children: an evidence-based ecological framework

Rubenstein

Stark

2017

Psychology, Health & Medicine

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Little is known about the patterns and mechanisms by which humanitarian emergencies may exacerbate violence against children. In this article, we propose using the ecological framework to examine the impact of humanitarian emergencies on interpersonal violence against children. We consider the literature that supports this framework and suggest future directions for research to fill identified gaps in the framework. The relationship between humanitarian emergencies and violence against children depends on risk factors at multiple levels, including a breakdown of child protection systems, displacement, threats to livelihoods, changing gender roles, changing household composition, overcrowded living conditions, early marriage, exposure to conflict or other emergency events, and alcohol abuse. The empirical evidence supporting the proposed emergency/ violence framework is limited by cross-sectional study designs and a propensity to predominantly examine individual-level determinants of violence, especially exposure to conflict or emergency events. Thus, there is a pressing need to contextualize the relationship between conflict or emergency events and violence against children within the wider ecological and household dynamics that occur during humanitarian emergencies. Ultimately, this will require longitudinal observations of children, families and communities from before the emergency through recovery and improvements to ongoing global surveillance systems. More complete data will enable the humanitarian community to design effective, appropriate and welltargeted interventions.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of humanitarian emergencies on the prevalence of violence against children: an evidence-based ecological framework

Rubenstein

Stark

2017

Psychology, Health & Medicine

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“…We also include as controls measures for conflict collected by the Peace Research Institute of Oslo (PRIO), since higher HIV rates have been associated with conflict areas (Spiegel et al 2007). The positive correlation between common law and individual female HIV rates persists irrespective of any other country-level controls we include, such as the ones just mentioned, but also demographic variables (male and female population, religion, ethnic fractionalization) and disease-related variables.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal Origins and Female HIV

Anderson¹

2018

American Economic Review

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More than one-half of all people living with HIV are women and 80 percent of all HIV-positive women in the world live in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper demonstrates that the legal origins of these formerly colonized countries significantly determine current-day female HIV rates. In particular, female HIV rates are significantly higher in common law sub-Saharan African countries compared to civil law ones. This paper explains this relationship by focusing on differences in female property rights under the two codes of law. In sub-Saharan Africa, common law is associated with weaker female marital property laws. As a result, women in these common law countries have lower bargaining power within the household and are less able to negotiate safe sex practices and are thus more vulnerable to HIV, compared to their civil law counterparts. Exploiting the fact that some ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa cross country borders with different legal systems, we are able to include ethnicity fixed effects into a regression discontinuity approach. This allows us to control for a large set of cultural, geographical, and environmental factors that could be confounding the estimates. The results of this paper are consistent with gender inequality (the “feminization” of AIDS), explaining much of its prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. (JEL I12, J15, J16, K11, K15, O15, O17)

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“…15,17,19 To our knowledge, there has been no such finding in conflict situations in Africa, where most excess adult mortality is related to violence or acute infections rather than to chronic illnesses. 15,[19][20][21][22] Rates of HIV infection among IDPs and refugees in Africa can be high, although not necessarily higher than in the communities of origin [24][25][26][27][28] . In our analysis, the majority of adult IDP deaths were ascribed to HIV infection, which accounted for a larger proportion of deaths among IDPs than among DSS residents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, this situation still prevails in many regions of Africa where the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the potential for civil strife and conflict threaten one and the same population. 28 ■ Vincent Orimba of the DSS made special contributions to this analysis. We thank Oliver Morgan and Frank Odhiambo for their suggestions on improving the analysis and Simon Kariuki for overseeing malaria microscopy.…”

Section: Daniel R Feikin Et Al Morbidity and Mortality In Internallymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality and health among internally displaced persons in western Kenya following post-election violence, 2008: novel use of demographic surveillance

Feikin

Adazu

Obor

et al. 2010

Bull. World Health Organ.

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Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict-affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review

Cited by 183 publications

References 32 publications

The impact of humanitarian emergencies on the prevalence of violence against children: an evidence-based ecological framework

The impact of humanitarian emergencies on the prevalence of violence against children: an evidence-based ecological framework

Legal Origins and Female HIV

Mortality and health among internally displaced persons in western Kenya following post-election violence, 2008: novel use of demographic surveillance

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