Prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in Pregnant Women Living in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro

Abstract

BackgroundHTLV-1/2 infection can cause severe and disabling diseases in children and adults. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in pregnant women living in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro.Methodology/Principal Findings1,204 pregnant women were tested upon hospital admission for delivery in two public hospitals in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Mesquita, between November, 2012 and April, 2013. The samples were screened by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) and reactive ones were confirmed by Western blot (WB). Epi-info software was used for building the database and performing the statistical analysis. Eight patients had confirmed HTLV-1/2 infection (7 HTLV-1, one HTLV-2), equivalent to a prevalence rate of 0.66%. Two further reactive screening tests had negative Western blot results and therefore were considered negative in the statistical analysis. All HTLV-1/2-positive patients were born in Rio de Janeiro, most were non-Caucasian (87.5%), in a stable relationship (62.5%), had at least ten years of formal education (62.5%) and a monthly family income of up to US$600.00 (87.5%). There was only one case of coinfection with syphilis and none with HIV. The mean age of the infected women was 28.4 (SD = 6.3) years and of the seronegative ones was 24.8 (SD = 6.5) (p = 0.10). The median number of pregnancies were 3.0 and 1.0 (p = 0.06) and the median number of sexual partners were 3.5 and 3.0 (p = 0.33) in the seropositive and negative groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups.Conclusions/SignificanceA significant prevalence of HTLV-1/2 was found in our population. The socio-epidemiological profile of carrier mothers was similar to the controls. Such findings expose the need for a public health policy of routine HTLV-1/2 screening in antenatal care, since counselling and preventive measures are the only strategies currently available to interrupt the chain of transmission and the future development of HTLV-1/2-related diseases.

Human T‐Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America

“… Most of the reports were performed in Brazil, Peru and Jamaica; all of them are considered endemic regions , , . …”

Silent dissemination of HTLV-1 in an endemic area of Argentina. Epidemiological and molecular evidence of intrafamilial transmission

“…Cases of HTLV-1 infection and HTLV-1 associated diseases have been reported in almost all South American countries including Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, French Guyana, and Chile [3]. Moreover, some areas of South America such as the Northeast region of Brazil and Northwest Argentina are considered endemic for HTLV-1 [4, 5]. …”

“…Infection is considered lifelong and most of the infected subjects remain asymptomatic, becoming viral reservoirs and continuing the chain of transmission [5]. The efficiency of HTLV-1 dissemination is related to the route of transmission [6].…”

“…The efficiency of HTLV-1 dissemination is related to the route of transmission [6]. While the main risk of infection in developed countries appears to be the use of contaminated needles by drug users, in developing countries the transmission is mainly intrafamilial [5, 7, 8, 9]. …”

Prevalence of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Antibodies among Young Females Attending a Large Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in Neyshabour, Northeast of Iran, During 2011 to 2015

“…The HTLV-1 antibodies seroprevalence among the pregnant females, who attended the antenatal clinic at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital was 0.5% (25). A study performed in Rio de Janeiro showed the prevalence among pregnant females was equivalent to 0.66% (26). A Japanese study reported that the prevalence rate of HTLV-1 among pregnant females was 0.1% (27).…”