Prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ahmed, Musa; Abdullah, A. A; Bello, Idris Temitope; Hamad, Suad; Bashir, Aboelgassim

doi:10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.305

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…and dogs in the southern part of Gadarif State, eastern Sudan, was higher than the country-wide prevalence[6], likely due to the combination of environmental and socioeconomic factors. Gadarif State is a known endemic area for Leishmania, with favorable ecological conditions for the transmission of the parasite.…”

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confidence: 76%

“…The disease can manifest in different forms, such as cutaneous (CL), visceral (VL), mucocutaneous (MCL), or postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), depending on the parasite species and the host immune response. Leishmaniasis is endemic in many regions of Sudan, with CL being the most common form and VL being mainly confined to the eastern, western, and southern parts of the country [4][5][6]. Leishmaniasis affects 98 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, and America, with a high burden in 13 countries that account for over 90% of new cases [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Leishmania donovani Infection in Humans and Dogs in Gadarif State, Sudan: A Diagnostic Comparison

Osman Ahmed Abdalla,

Mohammed,

Abdalla Ahmed El hadi

et al. 2024

SJMS

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Background: Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, a potentially fatal disease in humans and dogs. The epidemiology and transmission dynamics of L. donovani in Sudan are poorly understood. We aim to determine the prevalence and characterization of L. donovani in human hospital cases and domestic dogs using different diagnostic methods in two localities in Gadarif State, Sudan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to April 2020. Whole blood samples and lymph node aspirates were collected from 69 human and 32 dog participants for parasitological, immunological, and molecular tests. Results: No parasites were detected in blood samples from either humans or dogs. Lymph node microscopy revealed 71.01% positivity in humans and 9.4% in dogs. The IT Leish test showed 82.6% positivity in humans and 43.75% in dogs. PCR confirmed L. donovani infection in all six selected samples (three from humans and three from dogs). Conclusion: The study confirmed the presence of L. donovani in both human and dog populations in the study area, suggesting that dogs may act as reservoirs or hosts for the parasite. The IT Leish kit test was the most sensitive and specific method, while microscopy of blood and lymph node smears was the least sensitive method. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of dogs in the transmission cycle of L. donovani and the risk factors associated with human infection.

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confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Leishmania donovani Infection in Humans and Dogs in Gadarif State, Sudan: A Diagnostic Comparison

Osman Ahmed Abdalla,

Mohammed,

Abdalla Ahmed El hadi

et al. 2024

SJMS

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“…This high prevalence aligns with findings from studies conducted in other parts of Sudan and East Africa, where environmental conditions and socio-economic factors contribute to higher rates of infection. A recent systematic review by [10] in Sudan revealed that the overall pooled prevalence of human leishmaniasis in the country is 21%. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common type, with a prevalence of 26%, followed by visceral leishmaniasis (VL) at 18%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis among Wildlife Rangers in Dinder National Park, Sudan

Ibrahim,

Elmadani,

Sahar

et al. 2024

Preprint

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BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a significant public health concern in Sudan, particularly among populations exposed to vector-rich environments. This study aims to determine the prevalence of VL and associated risk factors among Wildlife Soldiers in Dinder National Park, Sudan.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among 500 Wildlife Soldiers in Dinder National Park. Data were collected using a pre-prepared and pre-tested questionnaire covering demographic information, risk factors, and clinical signs and symptoms of VL. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression to assess associations between VL prevalence and various risk factors.ResultsThe prevalence of VL was found to be 27.6%. Significant associations were observed between VL prevalence and educational level, military rank, awareness of VL signs and symptoms, awareness of VL transmission methods, awareness of VL control measures, and the practice of sleeping under a mosquito net. Soldiers with higher educational levels, those who were aware of VL transmission and control measures, and those who slept under nets had significantly lower odds of contracting VL. Conversely, lower-ranking soldiers and those with less awareness had higher prevalence rates.ConclusionThe high prevalence of VL among Wildlife Soldiers in Dinder National Park underscores the need for targeted public health interventions. Strategies should include enhancing educational programs, improving awareness of VL prevention and control measures, and ensuring better access to protective measures such as mosquito nets. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, detailed environmental assessments, and intervention trials to further reduce the burden of VL in this high-risk population.Author SummaryVisceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is a severe parasitic disease posing a significant health threat globally, including Sudan. This cross-sectional study investigates VL prevalence and associated risk factors among 500 Wildlife Soldiers in Dinder National Park, Sinnar State, Sudan. Data on demographics, risk factors, and VL signs were collected using a validated questionnaire. Findings reveal a 27.6% VL prevalence among soldiers, with significant associations noted for education level, military rank, VL awareness, transmission knowledge, and mosquito net use. Higher education and awareness correlated with lower VL rates, while lower-ranked and less-aware soldiers had higher prevalence. Targeted public health interventions are crucial to mitigate VL among Wildlife Soldiers, emphasizing education enhancement, awareness campaigns, and access to protective gear. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and environmental assessments to refine VL control strategies in this high-risk population. This study enhances understanding of VL factors in Dinder National Park and advocates for robust public health initiatives to combat this disease effectively.

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“…The findings of many past studies have shown that males are highly affected by VL compared to females in different endemic areas of the world such as in Sudan [36][37][38], in Ethiopia [29,31,39], in Indian subcontinent [40], and in Brazil [33]. The males to females ratio is 60% versus 40% in Sudan [36], 77% versus 23% in Kenya [41], and 76% versus 24% in India [42], 87% versus 13% in Ethiopia [43]. To explain this disparity between the sexes, two hypotheses were proposed.…”

Section: Contribution Of This Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several studies have been done to provide an insight into efficient control mechanisms. The findings of many past studies have shown that males are highly affected by VL compared to females in different endemic areas of the world such as in Sudan [ 36 – 38 ], in Ethiopia [ 29 , 31 , 39 ], in Indian subcontinent [ 40 ], and in Brazil [ 33 ]. The males to females ratio is 60% versus 40% in Sudan [ 36 ], 77% versus 23% in Kenya [ 41 ], and 76% versus 24% in India [ 42 ], 87% versus 13% in Ethiopia [ 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-structured disease transmission model and control mechanisms for visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

Awoke,

Kassa,

Morupisi

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Leishmaniasis are a group of diseases caused by more than 20 species of the protozoan that are transmitted through the bite of female sand fly. The disease is endemic to 98 countries of the world. It affects most commonly the poorest of the poor and mainly males. Several research has been conducted to propose disease control strategies. Effective medical care, vector control, environmental hygiene, and personal protection are the mainstays of the current preventative and control methods. The mathematical models for the transmission dynamics of the disease studied so far did not consider the sex-biased burden of the disease into consideration. Methodology Unlike the previous VL works, this study introduces a new deterministic sex-structured model for understanding the transmission dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis. Basic properties of the model including basic reproduction number (R 0), and conditions for the existence of backward bifurcation of the model are explored. Baseline parameter values were estimated after the model was fitted to Ethiopia’s VL data. Sensitivity analysis of the model was performed to identify the parameters that significantly impact the disease threshold. Numerical simulations were performed using baseline parameter values, and scenario analysis is performed by changing some of these parameters as appropriate. Conclusion The analysis of the model shows that there is a possibility for a backward bifurcation for R 0 < 1, which means bringing R 0 to less than unity may not be enough to eradicate the disease. Our numerical result shows that the implementation of disease-preventive strategies, as well as effectively treating the affected ones can significantly reduce the disease prevalence if applied for more proportion of the male population. Furthermore, the implementation of vector management strategies also can considerably reduce the total prevalence of the disease. However, it is demonstrated that putting more effort in treating affected reservoir animals may not have any significant effect on the overall prevalence of the disease as compared to other possible mechanisms. The numerical simulation infers that a maximum of 60% of extra preventative measures targeted to only male population considerably reduces the total prevalence of VL by 80%. It is also possible to decrease the total prevalence of VL by 69.51% when up to 50% additional infected males receive treatment with full efficacy. Moreover, applying a maximum of 15% additional effort to reduce the number of vectors, decreases the total VL prevalence by 57.71%. Therefore, in order to reduce the disease burden of visceral leishmaniasis, public health officials and concerned stakeholders need to give more emphasis to the proportion of male humans in their intervention strategies.

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Prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Prevalence of Leishmania donovani Infection in Humans and Dogs in Gadarif State, Sudan: A Diagnostic Comparison

Prevalence of Leishmania donovani Infection in Humans and Dogs in Gadarif State, Sudan: A Diagnostic Comparison

Prevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis among Wildlife Rangers in Dinder National Park, Sudan

Sex-structured disease transmission model and control mechanisms for visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

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