Prevalence of human papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr virus in salivary gland diseases

Abstract

Objective: The roles of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in head and neck neoplasms have been well reported, but little is known about their relationship with salivary gland tumours. This study investigated the presence of HPV and EBV in salivary gland diseases. Methods: The presence of HPV 16/18 and EBV was analysed in archival pathological specimens collected from patients who had undergone surgery for salivary gland diseases. HPV 16/18 DNA was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and further confirmed with immunohistochemistry. EBV DNA was detected using real-time PCR. Results: A total of 61 pathological specimens were examined: 39.5% (15/38) of pleomorphic adenomas, 33.3% (3/9) of Warthin's tumours, 33.3% (one of 3) of mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 25.0% (one of 4) of benign lymphoepithelial lesions were positive for high-risk HPV 16/18. Only two Warthin's tumours were positive for EBV. Conclusion: The infectious nature of salivary gland neoplasms was revealed by the high prevalence of HPV infection, and the specific presence of EBV in Warthin's tumours, suggesting a potential role for HPV and EBV in salivary gland diseases.

Complex immunohistochemical evaluation of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands

“…Most researchers have described the immunohistochemical studies of pleomorphic adenomas, adenolymphomas, and adenocarcinomas, whereby the HPV types 16 and 18, as well as EBV [12,13] , were the major viral agents. Thus, 16-24 (33-39%) pleomorphic adenomas have a positive reaction to HPV type 16, and 2 (5-7%) have a positive reaction to EBV [8] . There are studies, which indicate the absence of HPV and EBV in the tumour tissues and in the salivary glands, or in an insignificant and statistically insignificant percentage of observations, which calls into question the influence of these types of viral pathogens on the development of salivary gland tumours [14] .…”

“…One of the most prominent immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma is PLAG1. The accuracy of the diagnosis when using this indicator is not less than 94% [8][9][10][11] .…”

“…Thus, the influence of persistent viral infections on the development of various types of tumours and their endocrine dependence has already been sufficiently studied. In particular, it is known of the role of human papilloma virus (types 6,8,16,18) in the development of cervical cancer [5,6] , as well as the effect of hyperestrogenemia on the development of tumours in the mammary glands [7] . It is also known that the accuracy of morphological verification, as a rule, is no more than 85%.…”

Development of a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for Epstein–Barr virus viral capsid antigen IgA antibody in human serum

“…At present, nested PCR and quantitative real-time PCR are commonly used Lin et al, 2014;Martinez-Lopez et al, 2014;Sousa et al, 2011). Nucleic acid diagnosis can indicate the existence of a viral genome and provides direct results, with the advantages of high sensitivity, specificity and quantitative monitoring.…”

Prevalence and associated survival of high-risk HPV-related adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands

“…Infections with these viruses are linked to the highest risk for transformation to invasive carcinoma (13). There is very rare and sometimes controversial information about HPV infections in SGC and SACC specifically (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) suggesting an association between HPV and certain salivary gland neoplasms. However, the clinical significance of these findings remains elusive.…”