Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in Sweden

Malm, Kerstin; Ekermo, Bengt; Hillgren, Kristina; Britton, Sven; Fredlund, Hans; Andersson, Sören

doi:10.3109/00365548.2012.689847

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The prevalence of HTLV-1 is slightly higher in countries with high immigration from HTLV-1 endemic regions (mainly Portugal, Spain, France, UK) (22). In addition, higher frequencies of HTLV-2 have been described among PWID (around 3%) in Sweden (23), (around 10%) in Spain and Italy (12–14), and among HIV+ PWID (14.6%) in Ireland (15). In Eastern Europe, the data regarding the prevalences of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 is largely absent except a single study from Romania where the prevalence of HTLV-1 was shown to be 0.053% among blood donors (20).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe

Jõgeda

Avi

Pauskar

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Background In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among persons who inject drugs (PWID) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence less than 1%. However, there is no data regarding the prevalence of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 in Eastern European PWID population where HIV prevalence is relatively high. We aimed to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among PWID and healthy volunteers in Estonia. Methods The study included 345 PWID and 138 healthy volunteers. The presence of HTLV- 1/HTLV-2 was determined by nested PCR; positive and negative controls were used in every PCR run. Results The analysed PWID resembled the PWID of HIV epidemic in Estonia: mainly male (79%) with median age of 30 years (interquartile range [IQR] 25–34), and prolonged duration of intravenous drug usage (11 years; IQR 7–14). The prevalence exposure to blood-borne viral infections was high – 50% were HIV positive, 88% hepatitis C positive, 67% hepatitis B positive. Of PWID, 64% reported receptive needle sharing in the past and 18% at least once a month during last six months. None of the PWID carried HTLV-1 but there was a case of HTLV-2 (prevalence 0.3 %; 95% CI 0.1–1.6). All healthy volunteers were HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PCR negative. Conclusion This is the first study investigating the prevalence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among high risk population and healthy volunteers in Eastern European region. Our results suggest that despite other widely spread blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, HCV) HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are rare among PWID in Estonia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe

Jõgeda

Avi

Pauskar

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…Interestingly, despite the PWID study participants being recruited from locations throughout Italy, all infections were classified as HTLV-2. In a more recent report using samples from group of Swedish PWIDs, the ARCHITECT ® rHTLV-I/II system was used for screening and the INNOLIA™ HTLVI/II score assay for confirmation [ 45 ], and an HTLV seroprevalence of 35/1079 (3.2%) was found. Again, the majority of HTLV infections were attributed to HTLV-2, with only two scoring positive for HTLV-1 and another five as indeterminate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No significant HTLV seroprevalence in German people who inject drugs

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAlthough human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is transmitted via the same routes as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), its worldwide seroprevalence differs drastically because HTLV is transmitted mainly via infected cells rather than free virus. The sharing of needles and other equipment places people who inject drugs (PWID) at particularly high-risk for such blood-borne diseases.MethodsTo validate the methodology used to process and analyze the dried blood spots (DBS) utilized in the study, dried serum spots (DSS) with dilutions of sera from known HTLV infected individuals were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. DBS collected between 2011 and 2015 from 2,077 PWID in eight German cities recruited by respondent-driven sampling were tested for HTLV-specific antibodies.ResultsThe validation demonstrated that the use of DSS allowed identification of samples with even low titers of HTLV-specific antibodies, although a confirmatory Western blot with an additional venous blood sample would often be required. Despite numerous HIV and HCV positive individuals being identified within the study population, none tested positive for HTLV.ConclusionWhile the HIV and HCV prevalences in German PWID are comparable to those in other European countries, the very low prevalence of HTLV reflects the situation in the general population.

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“…It has also been found in locations including Central and South America, 7) Sweden, 15) Spain, 16) and Brazil, 17) and its roots are believed to lie in the indigenous peoples of areas such as the Florida peninsula of the United States, the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, and Panama. 5) In this study, it was interesting that we detected an HTLV-2-positive infectant in China.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Types 1 and 2 in Breast Milk from East Asian Women

Matsubara

Sagara

Kato

et al. 2014

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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We investigated the incidence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) infection in a total of 17 regions in four countries, including 13 regions in Japan, as well as Korea (Seoul and Busan), China, and Vietnam, by testing breast milk using a particle agglutination assay (PA) and line immunoassay (LIA). Among 266 samples from Japan, 24 (9.0%) were positive on PA and 3 (1.1%) were positive on LIA. Among 50 samples from Seoul, 2 were positive on PA and 1 was positive on LIA. In contrast, all 50 samples from Busan were negative on both tests, suggesting the maldistribution of HTLV-1 infectants in South Korea. The numbers of positive samples were 2/91 on PA and 1/91 on LIA for China and 1/88 on both PA and LIA for Vietnam. In China, one sample with a high probability of HTLV-2 infection was identified by LIA and synthetic peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We examined HTLV-1 antibody in breast milk samples using commercially available test kits, suggesting the existence of HTLV-1 carriers in endemic areas in Southeast Asia and an HTLV-2 infectant in China. As a part of human ethno-epidemiological research, these results constitute valuable epidemiological data. Further studies on the sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of assays using antibodies to HTLV-1 and 2 in breast milk will be necessary for large-scale epidemiological surveys of HTLV infection.Key words breast milk; human T-cell leukemia virus type II; line immunoassay; particle agglutination assay Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant CD4-positive T-cell neoplasm caused by infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1). Because HTLV-1 is a retrovirus, its genomic RNA is incorporated into target cells, and DNA is incorporated into the host genome as a provirus via reverse transcriptase.

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Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in Sweden

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe

Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe

No significant HTLV seroprevalence in German people who inject drugs

Detection of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Types 1 and 2 in Breast Milk from East Asian Women

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