Prevalence of Hypomagnesaemia among Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics (NCDEG)

Abstract

Background:Some observations suggested that magnesium supplementation could be helpful in the treatment of diabetic patients by improving glycemic control and preventing the development of diabetes-related complications.Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia among obese patients with type 2 diabetes attending the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics (NCDEG) in Amman, Jordan.Patients and Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Center for diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics (NCDEG) in Amman-Jordan. A total of 1105 patients with type 2 diabetes (51.9% females and 48.1% males) who attended this center between first of October 2011and end of February 2012 were included in the study. The mean age and duration of diabetes were 57.1 years and 5.1 years, respectively and the mean value of HbA1c was 7.9%. Our study also performed a comparison of the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia between our studied sample and 3600 individuals enrolled in the National Vitamin D study completed in Jordan in 2009. The obtained data included patients’ age, gender, smoking history, HbA1c level, comorbid history including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and presence of neuropathy and retinopathy.Results:Out of 1105 patients with type 2 diabetes, 210 patients (19%) (95% CI, 16.8%-21.4%) were hypomagnesaemic. Female gender, hypertension, statin therapy, HbA1c between 7-7.9% or ≥ 9% and patients with diabetes duration more than five years were independent risk factors for hypomagnesaemia. No association between hypomagnesaemia and age distribution, smoking history, neuropathy and retinopathy was found. In comparison with individuals enrolled in the National Vitamin D study, diabetic patients in this study had a much higher prevalence of hypomagnesaemia (19% vs. 0.7%) with odd’s ratio of 32 (95% CI, 21-48.2).Conclusions:As the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes treated at the NCDEG was found to be 19% (95% CI, 16.8%-21.4%), we recommend periodic determination of magnesium level and appropriate magnesium replacement therapy particularly among the above defined groups.

Serum Magnesium Concentration Is Inversely Associated with Albuminuria and Retinopathy among Patients with Diabetes

“…Serum magnesium levels are associated with insulin resistance and β cell function in patients with diabetes. Furthermore, magnesium deficiency is associated with decreased β cell function and increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated plasma glucose levels [ 4 – 6 ]. Dietary supplementation with magnesium may decrease the risk of developing diabetes [ 7 , 8 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Hypomagnesemia has been reported in 13.5% to 47.7% of nonhospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes compared to a prevalence of 2.5% to 15% in nonhospitalized patients without diabetes [ 3 ]. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with increased insulin resistance, the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, or even diabetes medication [ 4 – 6 ]. Dietary supplementation with magnesium may alleviate insulin resistance and decrease diabetes risk.…”

Effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Various cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies confirms the association of Mg intake with insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis . Two meta‐analyses have been conducted aiming to determine the effect of Mg supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis (involving an intervention duration of 4–24 weeks with both organic and inorganic salt forms).…”

Cluster and Factor Analysis of Elements in Serum and Urine of Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy and Healthy People

“…Mg is considered to be an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes progression [25,27,28] and its complications [8,29,30], and clinical experiments have confirmed that Mg supplementation can improve hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in diabetic patients [31]. Zhang [7] and other investigators [18,32,33] demonstrated that serum Mg was lower in patients with diabetes, and Zhang [7] found that Mg was associated with parameters reflecting nerve conduction efficacy in DPN patients [7]. It has been stated that diabetes is characterized with negative Mg balance [20], for reduced gastrointestinal Fig.…”