Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in poultry and poultry products

Abstract

Salmonella continues to be a major food safety and public health threat. In the present study, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium (ST) were isolated from poultry and characterized for virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation. Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in poultry was 3.35%; predominant serotypes isolated were S. Enteritidis (68.1%) and S. Typhimurium (31.8%). Source-wise, Salmonella were isolated from retail market chicken meat (4.8%), live chicken at farm (2.5%), and table eggs (2.1%). Salmonella isolates produced invA gene of 284 bp (100%), spvR gene of 310 bp (77.27%), spvC gene of 571 bp (22.72%), and stn gene of 260 bp (100%) as virulence/ pathogenicity determinants. Salmonella isolates exhibited resistance to common antimicrobials; 72.7% isolates showed multiple resistance (≥3 antimicrobial class), highest resistance was observed for polymyxin-B (81.8%) followed by nalidixic acid (72.7%), colistin (59.1%), ampicillin/tetracyline (45.5%), ampicillin + sulbactam (40.9%), cefodroxil (18.2%), streptomycin (9.1%), and cefazidine/ceftriaxone-tazobactam (4.5%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of poultry Salmonella isolates ranged from 0.11 to 0.35; wherein, 59.1% isolates showed MAR of >0.2. About 81.8% Salmonella isolates produced biofilm and were categorized as strong (13.6%), moderate (45.4%), and weak (22.7%) biofilm producers. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistant virulent Salmonella strains in poultry requires implementation of suitable strategies so as to protect the public health. 1 | INTRODUCTION With raising disposable income and increasing health awareness, demand for poultry products is rapidly raising. Poultry meat being one of the most preferred meats due to its higher protein, lower fat, lower price, small unit size, short period of broiler rearing, increasing private participation, and so forth. Further, demand for eggs is also increasing due to lower price and higher nutritional value. In the year 2017-18, India produced 7.7 MMT of chicken meat that constituted 49.64% of the total meat produced in the country (DAHD&F, 2019). Industrial poultry production has picked-up in the last three decades in India; hence, safety of food products produced has also been given due emphasis especially after the enactment of Food Safety & Standards Act in the year 2011. As per the guidelines of act, presence of

Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica in Poultry in South Africa Using the Farm-to-Fork Approach

“…Other genes present on the Salmonella chromosomes found in this study were stn and fliC, which play a role in enterotoxin production and encode phase-1 flagellin, respectively [26]. All Salmonella isolates contained the stn gene, which has also been reported in all poultry isolates from studies conducted in China, Benin, and India [72][73][74]. However, the fliC gene in our study was only detected in the wastewater isolates obtained during the house decontamination.…”

Prevalence and resistance to antibacterial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan

“…The antigenic characteristics of the isolated Salmonella strains showed that S. Enteritidis (80.4%) was the predominant serotype. Consistently, in China [12], S. Enteritidis was the predominant serotype (40.3%) isolated from chicken carcasses; in Iran [57], S. Enteritidis was the predominant serotype in 43% of cases of contamination of poultry carcasses; and in India [58], S. Enteritidis was the predominant serotype (68.1%) in poultry products. The percentage of the prevalence of S. Enteritidis in this study was higher than similar data obtained from Saudi Arabia (40%) [59] and Pakistan (9%) [60].…”

Application of Eugenol in Poultry to Control Salmonella Colonization and Spread

“…Salmonella serovars have been shown to infect various domesticated animals, including cattle, poultry, pigs, and sheep. Infected animals may exhibit symptoms ranging from mild gastroenteritis to death in extreme cases of Salmonella infection [ 6 ]. Most cases of salmonellosis are attributed to eggs and chicken meat consumption.…”