Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in first‐episode schizophrenia and comparison between Toxoplasma‐seropositive and Toxoplasma‐seronegative schizophrenia

Wang, H.-L.; Wang, G.-H.; Li, Q.-Y.; Shu, Chen; Jiang, Mengqi; Guo, Yi

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00780.x

Cited by 94 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The positive association between T. gondii infection and meat consumption from this study result confirms results from studies done in Mexico by AlvaradoEsquivel et al (2011a); In China by Wang et al (2006) and in the United States by Torrey et al (2012). The prevalence of meat-related factors highlights the significance of cooking meat well (>67°C).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AMONG SCHIZOPHRENICS AT HOSPITAL KAJANG

Juanah

Jalaludin

Osman

et al. 2013

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Studies have found a high seroprevalence of T. gondii in schizophrenia patients than controls. This casecontrol study was done to determine the serprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and to identify its risk factors among schizophrenia patients at Hospital Kajang. Eighty-eight (88) schizophrenia patients and 88 nonpsychiatric controls were examined for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic and behavioral data among the respondents. From the results, the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies was significantly higher (51.0%) in schizophrenia patients than in controls (30.7%); (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 2.16-3.01; p = 0.023. There was no significant association between the socio-demographic factors and toxoplasmosis. Beef consumption (p = 0.004, OR = 3.852, CI: 1.550-9.569), pork consumption (p<0.001, OR = 13.089, 95%CI: 4.730-36.219) and risky cat contact (p = 0.047, OR = 4.061, 95% CI: 1.985-16.745), were found to be significantly associated with T. gondii infection. Our results show that there is a relationship between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AMONG SCHIZOPHRENICS AT HOSPITAL KAJANG

Juanah

Jalaludin

Osman

et al. 2013

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…Several research groups from different countries have shown that there is an increase in antibodies against the zoonotic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with schizophrenia compared to individuals without the disease in the same populations (Alvarado-Esquivel et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2006;Cetinkaya et al, 2007;Niebuhr et al, 2008). Researchers have also shown that children born to mothers with antibodies to T. gondii are at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia (Brown et al, 2005;Mortensen, Nørgaard-Pedersen, Waltoft, Sørensen, Hougaard et al, 2007;Mortensen, Nørgaard-Pedersen, Waltoft, Sørensen, Hougaard, Torrey, et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Five Antischizophrenic Agents Against Toxoplasma gondii in Human Cell Cultures

Goodwin

Strobl

Lindsay

2011

Journal of Parasitology

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“…Existing studies examining single-agent associations of antibodies to food and neurotropic infectious agents with schizophrenia have yielded noteworthy but modest associations (Leweke et al, 2004;Yolken, 2004;Wang et al, 2006;Niebuhr et al, 2008aNiebuhr et al, , 2008bDickerson et al, 2010a;Severance et al, 2010;Niebuhr et al, 2011;Jin et al, 2012). Problems analyzing single-agent associations are compounded by the heterogeneity of IgG levels depending on the temporal proximity of the specimen collection to the onset of schizophrenia and subjects' demographic characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the biological plausibility and previously reported associations, four neurotropic viruses [cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), measles virus, and vaccinia virus], an apicomplexan protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii) and two food antigens (casein and gliadin) were selected for this study (Albrecht et al, 1980;Leweke et al, 2004;Yolken, 2004;Wang et al, 2006;Dickerson et al, 2010a;Prasad et al, 2011;Jin et al, 2012;Severance et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between antibodies to multiple infectious and food antigens and new onset schizophrenia among US military personnel

Li¹,

Weber²,

Fisher³

et al. 2013

Schizophrenia Research

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oIntroduction: Multiple studies have documented immune activation in many individuals with schizophrenia suggesting that antigens capable of generating a prolonged immune response may be important environmental factors in many cases of this disorder. While existing studies have found single-agent associations of antibodies to food and neurotropic infectious agents with schizophrenia, a simultaneous examination of multiple agents may shed light on agent interactions or possible etiopathogenic pathways. Methods: We used traditional regression and novel statistical techniques to examine associations of single and combined infectious and food antigens with schizophrenia. We tested 6106 serum samples from 855 cases and 1165 matched controls. Results: Higher antibody levels to casein were borderline significant in the prediction of schizophrenia (HR = 1.08, p = 0.06). Study participants with higher cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibody levels had a reduced risk of developing schizophrenia (HR = 0.90; p = 0.02). While IgG antibodies to gliadin, Toxoplasma gondii, vaccinia, measles, and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) showed no significant independent associations with schizophrenia, the increase in antibody levels to several combinations of agents, to include casein, measles, CMV, T. gondii and vaccinia, was predictive of an 18-34% increase in the risk of developing schizophrenia. Conclusion: Certain patterns of antibodies, involving some agents, were predictive of developing schizophrenia, with the magnitude of association rising when the level of antibodies increased to two or more agents. A heightened antibody response to a combination of several infectious/food antigens might be an indicator of an altered immune response to antigenic stimuli.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in first‐episode schizophrenia and comparison between Toxoplasma‐seropositive and Toxoplasma‐seronegative schizophrenia

Abstract: This study lent further weight to the hypothesis that exposure to Toxoplasma may be a risk factor for schizophrenia.

Cited by 94 publications

References 34 publications

SEROPREVALENCE OF <i>TOXOPLASMA GONDII</i> AMONG SCHIZOPHRENICS AT HOSPITAL KAJANG

SEROPREVALENCE OF <i>TOXOPLASMA GONDII</i> AMONG SCHIZOPHRENICS AT HOSPITAL KAJANG

Evaluation of Five Antischizophrenic Agents Against Toxoplasma gondii in Human Cell Cultures

Association between antibodies to multiple infectious and food antigens and new onset schizophrenia among US military personnel

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