Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Ducks Sampled in Northwestern Minnesota and Evidence for Predominance of H3N8 and H4N6 Subtypes in Mallards, 2007–2016

Hollander, Laura P.; Fojtik, Alinde; Kienzle-Dean, Clara; Davis-Fields, Nick; Poulson, Rebecca L.; Davis, Bruce E.; Mowry, Craig; Stallknecht, David E.

doi:10.1637/11851-041918-reg.1

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The observed prevalence of IAV infection and subtype diversity was consistent with past reports from northwestern Minnesota and from the Mississippi flyway, with H3, H4, N6, and N8 subtypes most commonly detected [ 1 , 12 , 25 , 26 ]. During the years included in this study, H4 subtypes dominated every year with H4N6 representing the most common subtype combination in all years.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…H3N6 and H4N8 subtypes also were commonly detected but represented only 4% and 5% of subtype diversity, respectively. On a more local scale in northwestern Minnesota, a similar pattern is reported from ducks sampled between 2007 and 2016 with H3N8 and H4N6 IAV predominating and cocirculating each year and representing 18% and 26% of total subtype diversity, respectively [ 12 ]. H3N6 and H4N8 viruses each represented 6% of detected subtype diversity during these same sampling periods.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…In September 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018, mallards were captured using rocket nets at three sites in northwestern Minnesota, USA; Roseau River Wildlife Management Area (Roseau County, 48.977714, −96.008911), Thief Lake Wildlife Management Area (Marshall County, 48.486903, −95.950603), and Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (Marshall County, 48.300806, −95.980467). Waterfowl sampling at these sites was ongoing in 1989–1999 and in 2007–2018 [ 12 , 25 , 26 ]. All birds were classified as HY (<1-year-old) or after hatch year (AHY, >1-year-old) by plumage characteristics.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swabs were kept on ice packs for 24–36 h until shipped to the laboratory and placed in long-term storage at −70 °C until processed. Virus isolation, matrix rrt-PCR and H5 and H7 rrt-PCR, and subtyping were performed as previously described [ 12 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Any H5 or H7 positive samples were submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (Ames, IA, USA) for confirmation of pathogenicity and determination of subtype.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are consistent IAV subtype patterns in North American ducks that might be attributable to immunological pressure. An example of this relates to the annual and seasonal predominance of H3 and H4 viruses in North American waterfowl, which has been reported at both local and flyway levels [ 1 , 12 ]. The prevalence of predominant subtype combinations associated with these HA subtypes (H3N8 and H4N6) can vary annually during these seasonal outbreaks, but both subtypes are usually present each year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Influenza A Virus in Fall-Migrating North American Mallards

Stallknecht

Fojtik

Carter

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Although waterfowl are the primary reservoir for multiple subtypes of influenza A virus (IAV), our understanding of population immunity in naturally infected waterfowl is poorly understood. Population immunity may be an important driver of seasonal subtype predominance in waterfowl populations and may affect the potential for establishment of introduced IAV such as the Eurasian-like A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage in these populations. Here, we examine the prevalence of naturally acquired antibodies to nucleoprotein (NP), hemagglutinin (H3, H4, H5), and neuraminidase (N1, N2, N6, N8) in early migrating mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in Northwest Minnesota during staging and early fall migration in September 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. Serologic results were compared to historic and contemporary virus isolation results from these same study sites. The prevalence of antibodies to NP ranged from 60.8–76.1% in hatch-year (HY) birds and from 86.0–92.7% in after-hatch-year (AHY, >1-year-old) mallards indicating a high level of previous infection with IAV early in the fall migration season. Neutralizing antibodies were detected against H3, H4, and H5 in all years as were antibodies to N1, N2, N6, and N8. A high proportion of NP seropositive ducks tested positive for antibodies to multiple HA and NA subtypes, and this was more common in the AHY age class. Antibody prevalence to the HA and NA subtypes included in this study were consistent with the predominance of H4N6 in these populations during all years and reflected a broadening of the antibody response with age. Additional work is needed to document the longevity of these immune responses, if and how they correlate with protection against IAV transmission, infection, and disease, and if, as detected in this study, they adequately describe the true extent of exposure to IAV or specific HA or NA subtypes.

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