Prevalence of iodine deficiency disoriders among school children in Saudi Arabia: results of a national iodine nutrition study

Al-Dakheel, Mushary H.; Haridi, Hassan Kasim; Al-Bashir, Bushra M.; Al-Shingiti, A; Al-Shehri, Sulaiman N.; Gassem, M A; Hussein, Izzeldin

doi:10.26719/2016.22.5.301

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Nevertheless, only 70% of the Saudi households were using iodised salt, which did not reach the USI target of ≥ 90% coverage [27]. The present study is aligned with the prior national studies proclaiming iodine adequacy in the general Saudi population since the non-pregnant women were iodine sufficient [5,16,34]. However, the levels were at the lowest margin of adequacy, thus providing additional sustenance for the prior demands to ban noniodised salt in order to enhance iodine intake in KSA [27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The IGN report (2019) has classified the general Saudi public as iodine sufficient based on the outcomes of a 2012 national SAC survey [5,16]. Others also showed an enhancement of SAC iodine status after the execution of USI in the Southwestern of KSA, a previously classified severe iodine deficient region [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 90% of ingested iodine from diet and/or supplement is excreted by the kidney and, measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot samples and estimating 24-hour urine iodine excretion (24-hr UIE) are reliable approaches for assessing iodine status [13][14][15]. Surveying school-age children (SAC) is also the currently accepted method for evaluating iodine status within a population since they are easy to access and are believed to reflect the nutritional status of their families [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

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Background: Despite the serious maternal and foetal complications associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy, surveys related to pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, measured urine iodine concentrations (UIC) alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in reproductive age and pregnant Saudi women from the Western province of KSA. Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 1222 pregnant and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating reproductive age women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency in non-pregnant (100–199 μg/L) and pregnant (150–249 μg/L) women were applied. Results: The median UIC in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 69.83 – 143.55) was at the lowermost WHO recommended cut-off, whereas the pregnant group were iodine deficient (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 81.01 – 185.57). Moreover, the median UIC was below adequacy across the different trimesters. Multiparity (OR = 3.091; 95%CI: 1.707–5.598) and earning below the minimum wage (2.520; 95%CI: 1.038–6.119) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency only in the non-pregnant women. Passive smoking, however, was an independent risk factor for iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 1.818; 95%CI: 1.097–3.014) and pregnant (OR = 1.653; 95%CI: 1.043–2.618) groups. The use of non-iodised salt also significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 2.052; 95%CI: 1.118–3.766) and pregnant women (OR = 3.813; 95%CI: 1.992–7.297), whereas iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk in both groups (OR = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.172–0.771 and OR = 0.002; 95%CI: 0.001–0.005, respectively). Moreover, BMI correlated independently and significantly with median UIC in the non-pregnant in both study populations. Conclusions: This study is the first to show borderline iodine sufficiency in reproductive age Saudi women from the Western province, whereas mild iodine deficiency was observed in the pregnant population and could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

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“…17 Contrary to this, lower figures of IDD was reported in a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, (Al Dakheel, et al). 18 Abuye et al, in Ethiopia, reported 23% higher prevalence of Goiter among children of low income family than the family having higher income. 19 The higher goiter rate in low income category could be because of poor food security, including less meat and vegetable consumption, use of non-iodized salt, lack of medical attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nutritional status vis-a-vis iodine deficiency in children of "Save Our Soul"children’s village in rural Varanasi: a micro-level study

et al. 2017

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Background: There is paucity of data with regard to the Iodine deficiency in an organized sector like SOS children's village which is an independent, non-governmental, social development organization located in urban Varanasi. Uttar Pradesh is one of the endemic states for goiter. It is expected that similar situation of goiter may prevail in children as well. It is a matter of concern that micro nutrient deficiency and under-nutrition may exist side by side. The objectives of the study were to assess nutritional status and find out the extent of Iodine deficiency in the study subjects, to find out the association between under nutrition and Iodine deficiency and to find out the Iodine content of salt used for cooking in the family. Methods: 118 children of age group 6 to 15 years, from a Non-Governmental Organization (Save Our Soul) in Rural Varanasi constituted materials of the study. Consent from the director of the institution and assent from the individual children was taken prior to examination. All the subjects were examined clinically for the Presence of Goiter. They were subjected to weight and height recording following standard technique. Salt samples from the houses were tested by spot Iodine detection kit. Results: In case of 72.6% female and 91.3% male subjects, BMI for age was <100% of the respective reference values; in all 76.3% subjects belonged to this category. Presence of Goiter among male children was 34.7% and among female children it was 22.2% and overall it was 24.6%. Significant association was observed between nutritional status and iodine deficiency (p<0.05). In 37.5% of salt samples, iodine content was 7 ppm and rest 62.5% shows iodine content 15ppm. Conclusions: Nutritional status of the children under reference was far from being satisfactory. High prevalence of Goiter is matter of serious concern. Iodized salt consumption in the houses was up to the mark but Iodine content of the salt samples from houses was not satisfactory.Special thanks to all the children of SOS children's village for their assent and co-operation in health examination. All the mothers of the village extended their support by providing them with salt sample for analysis.

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“…About 90% of ingested iodine from diet and/or supplement is excreted by the kidney and, therefore, measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is the recommended biochemical approach for assessing iodine status [13][14][15] However, compliance with the collection of 24-hour urine is low and spot urine analysis as well as estimating 24-hour urine iodine excretion (24-hr UIE) are alternative more convenient and accurate methods for measuring iodine intake [13][14][15]. Surveying school-age children (SAC) is also the currently accepted mean for evaluating iodine status within a population since they are easy to access, and it is believed they reflect the nutritional status of their families [16]. Yet again, the most recent report by the Iodine Global Network (IGN) in 2019 has indicated that 29 out of the 40 countries with data on iodine status among SAC and pregnant women have reported sufficiency in the former group, whereas deficiency was common during pregnancy [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2019

Preprint

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Background Despite the significance of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age due its associated serious maternal and foetal complications, surveys related to this vulnerable population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to measure the frequency alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in Saudi women of childbearing age from the Western province of KSA.Methods Urinary iodine concentrations IUIC) were measured in random spot samples collected from 1222 pregnant women and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The classification of iodine sufficiency was based on the WHO criteria for UIC in pregnant (150–249 μg/L) and non-pregnant women (100–199 μg/L).Results The UIC median in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 73.72) was at the lowest WHO recommended cut-off. The pregnant women, on the other hand, had a median UIC (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 104.56) markedly below the minimal WHO limit for pregnancy. Coherently, the median IUC was below adequacy across the trimesters and was lowest during the first trimester. Additionally, 49.7% (n = 199) of the non-pregnant and 62.5% (n = 764) of pregnant women were iodine deficient as per the WHO criteria. While pregnancy (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 3.08–5.96) and using non-iodised salt (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.35–2.83) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency, the intake of iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk (OR = 0.010; 95%CI: 0.006–0.017). On the other hand, the intake of iodine above requirement was observed in 8.5% and 4.2% of the non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Moreover, BMI was the sole independent factor increasing the odds (OR = 1.061; 95%CI: 1.010–1.114) of taking iodine above requirements.Conclusions This study is the first to show high prevalence of mild iodine deficiency among reproductive age Saudi women, which could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

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Prevalence of iodine deficiency disoriders among school children in Saudi Arabia: results of a national iodine nutrition study

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Nutritional status vis-a-vis iodine deficiency in children of "Save Our Soul"children’s village in rural Varanasi: a micro-level study

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

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