Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in mosquitoes and animals of the Asian continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Suresh, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa; Nayak, Akshata; Dhanze, Himani; Bhavya, A. P.; Shivamallu, Chandan; Achar, Raghu Ram; Silina, Ekaterina; Stupin, Victor; Barman, N. N.; Kumar, Seethakempanahalli Kempanna; Syed, Asad; Kollur, Shiva Prasad; Shreevatsa, Bhargav; Patil, Sharanagouda S.

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.010

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…This was reflected in the best fitting model in which mean monthly relative humidity was negatively correlated with seroprevalence. Previous studies have stated that pigs could be used as sentinels for outbreaks of JEV in people (Suresh et al, 2022). Given that seroconversion in pigs can be highly correlated with cases in people 2-4 weeks later (study in Assam; Borah et al (2013)), increased seroprevalence in pig populations could theoretically be used as a predictor of human cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The district‐level spatio‐temporal pattern of JEV IgG or IgM seroprevalence did not follow a discernible pattern, which is consistent with endemicity – waves did not reliably occur simultaneously in districts across the region, and neither was a wave of spread apparent from one district to the next. Seroprevalence of IgM was found year‐round, indicating a subtropical epidemiological pattern of JEV transmission (Suresh et al., 2022). The seroprevalence throughout the region was consistent with previous, shorter duration studies, with large peaks observed, such as the annual seroprevalence of 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur in 2017 for IgG and IgM, respectively, and some region‐wide monthly IgG seroprevalence peaks reaching 100% (Dhanze et al., 2014; Kolhe et al., 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Dhanze,

Singh,

Walsh

et al. 2024

Zoonoses and Public Health

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AimsJapanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs.Methods and ResultsWe investigated the spatio‐temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013–2022) and IgM (2017–2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8–15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8–12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio‐temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time‐series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3–4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time‐series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed.ConclusionsDetection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year‐round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age‐associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long‐term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero‐surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Dhanze,

Singh,

Walsh

et al. 2024

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…JEV constitutes a significant contributor to viral encephalitis cases in Asia [ 33 ], and a comprehensive understanding of its potential introduction and establishment in Europe is vital for public health preparedness. JEV RNA has been detected in different samples collected in Italy, all showing maximum similarity (99%) with JEV genotype III [ 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector competence of Swedish Culex pipiens mosquitoes for Japanese encephalitis virus

Krambrich,

Akaberi,

Lindahl

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus that poses a significant public health risk in many temperate and tropical regions in Asia. Since the climate in some endemic countries is similar to temperate climates observed in Europe, understanding the role of specific mosquito species in the transmission of JEV is essential for predicting and effectively controlling the potential for the introduction and establishment of JEV in Europe. Methods This study aimed to investigate the vector competence of colonized Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes for JEV. The mosquitoes were initially collected from the field in southern Sweden. The mosquitoes were offered a blood meal containing the Nakayama strain of JEV (genotype III), and infection rates, dissemination rates, and transmission rates were evaluated at 14, 21, and 28 days post-feeding. Results The study revealed that colonized Swedish Cx. pipiens are susceptible to JEV infection, with a stable infection rate of around 10% at all timepoints. However, the virus was only detected in the legs of one mosquito at 21 days post-feeding, and no mosquito saliva contained JEV. Conclusions Overall, this research shows that Swedish Cx. pipiens can become infected with JEV, and emphasizes the importance of further understanding of the thresholds and barriers for JEV dissemination in mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is primarily transmitted among various animals, including pigs and birds, through the bites of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus [ 1 , 2 ]. Humans, as the dead-end host, may become infected incidentally through the bites of infected mosquitoes [ 1 , 2 ]. Symptoms of JEV infection can vary from mild flu-like symptoms to encephalitis, the latter being characterized by high fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, seizures, and paralysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis in Taiwan, 2010–2022

Hsu,

Hung,

Tsou

et al. 2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Introduction Taiwan introduced a two-dose inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) mouse brain-derived (JE-MB) vaccine into routine childhood immunization in 1968, with booster vaccination implemented in 1974 and 1983. In 2017, JE-MB vaccine was replaced by a two-dose live-attenuated chimeric vaccine (JE-CV). After implementation of JE vaccination programs, JE cases have shifted from children to adults. In this study, we described the JE epidemiology and identify high-risk groups to further inform vaccine policy. Methodology/Principal findings We extracted data from Taiwan’s notifiable disease surveillance database, vital statistics, and employment statistics from 2010 to 2022. Diagnosis of JE was confirmed by JE seroconversion, a four-fold increase in virus-specific antibodies, a positive JE viral nucleic-acid test, or JE virus isolation. From 2010 to 2022, a total of 313 cases of JE were diagnosed, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 0.10 cases per 100,000 person-years and a mortality rate of 0.006 per 100,000 population per year. Among these patients, 64% were male, and the median age was 51 years (range 0–82). Compared with people born in or after 1976 (vaccinated with four doses of JE-MB vaccine or two doses of JE-CV), those born in or before 1962 (unvaccinated) and those born during 1963–1975 (vaccinated with two or three doses of JE-MB vaccine) had a 4.2-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0–5.7) and 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.3–8.1) higher risk of JE, respectively. The relative risk of working in agriculture, forestry, fishing, or animal husbandry, compared to other occupations, was 5.0 (95% CI 3.5–7.0). Conclusions/Significance In Taiwan, individuals born before 1976 and those employed in agriculture, forestry, fishing, or animal husbandry had a higher risk of JE. We recommend JE vaccination for people in these high-risk groups who have not been fully vaccinated or have an unknown vaccination history.

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Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in mosquitoes and animals of the Asian continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cited by 19 publications

References 64 publications

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Vector competence of Swedish Culex pipiens mosquitoes for Japanese encephalitis virus

Epidemiology and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis in Taiwan, 2010–2022

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