Prevalence of Legionella species isolated from shower water in public bath facilities in Toyama Prefecture, Japan

Kanatani, Jun-ichi; Isobe, Junko; Norimoto, Shiho; Kimata, Keiko; Mitsui, C.; Amemura-Maekawa, Junko; Kura, Fumiaki; Sata, Tetsutaro; Watahiki, Masanori

doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2017.01.002

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Colonization rates were systematically higher than those observed in other parts of the world: 44.7% in Italy (Napoli et al 2010), 43.6% in Kuwait (Al-Matawah et al 2012, 32.7% in Germany (Kruse et al 2016), 31.5% in Iran (Rafiee et al 2014), 8.3% in South Korea (Hwang et al 2016), and 7.8% in Turkey (Erdogan & Arslan 2007). According to several studies, L. pneumophila (predominantly serogroup 2-15) is the most abundant species in hot water samples (xxx xxx; Barna et al 2016;Kanatani et al 2017). Based on these results, there is a risk of potential exposure to Legionella: in two of the five buildings tested, at least a medium level of contamination was detected, from this level additional measures must be implemented such as disinfection and/or renovation of the water system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental surveillance of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems of hotels in Morocco

Assaidi

Soummane

Ellouali

et al. 2021

Journal of Water and Health

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Objective: Environmental monitoring of Legionella in hot water systems of hotels in Morocco was performed during the period from January 2016 to April 2018. A total of 149 water samples from 118 different hotels were analyzed. Methods: A total of 149 water samples from 118 different hotels were analyzed. Possible risk factors were prospectively recorded, and data were analyzed in connection with building and plumbing systems characteristics. Data about building and risk factors were collected through a questionnaire survey. Results: Out of the 149 samples, 77(51.7%) were positive for L. pneumophila. Serological typing of the isolates revealed that 54(70.1%) are L. pneumophila serogroup 2–15 and 23 (29.9%) are L. pneumophila serogroup 1. 56.8% of all building were colonized by L. pneumophila. Counts were over 1,000 CFU/L in 44%. Contamination was strongly correlated with temperature in the circulation, the age of the premise plumbing and the size of the building. Conclusions: The results showed a relevant exposure to L. pneumophila in the community and the identified risk factors can serve as indicators for risk assessment and relevant actions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in Germany (Kruse et al 2016), 31.5% in Iran (Rafiee et al 2014), 8.3% in South Korea (Hwang et al 2016), 84.1% in Italy (Mazzotta et al 2021), 74.77% in Poland (Sikora et al 2015), and 34.1% in Japan (Kanatani et al 2017). Several studies in European countries have reported a high prevalence of Legionella spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Environmental surveillance of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems of hotels in Morocco

Assaidi

Soummane

Ellouali

et al. 2021

Journal of Water and Health

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“…However, an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease caused by SG13 and SG1 L. pneumophila strains in a spa house was recently reported in Japan [21]. Previous studies have revealed the variation of SGs and STs in bath water and shower water in public bath facilities and have reported them as infection sources in legionellosis cases [22]. On the other hand, as per a previous study and our findings, some definite SGs, SG1, SG13, and SG7, occupy niches in the cooling tower [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Genetic Characterization and Clonality of Legionella pneumophila Isolated from Cooling Towers in Japan

Nakanishi¹,

Nomoto²,

Tanaka³

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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We investigated the genetic characteristics of 161 Legionella pneumophila strains isolated over a period of 10 years from cooling towers in Japan. Minimum spanning tree analysis based on the sequence-based typing (SBT) of them identified three clonal complexes (CCs); CC1 (105/161, 65.2%), CC2 (22 /161, 13.7%), and CC3 (20/161, 12.4%). CC1 was formed by serogroup (SG) 1 and SG7, whereas CC2 was mainly formed by SG1. All of the CC3 isolates except two strains were SG13. The major sequence types (STs) in CC1 and CC2 were ST1 (88/105, 83.8%) and ST154 (15/22, 68.2%), respectively. These STs are known as typical types of L. pneumophila SG1 in Japanese cooling tower. Additionally, we identified 15 strains of ST2603 as the major type in CC3. This ST has not been reported in Japanese cooling tower. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of the representative strains in the three CCs, which were isolated from various cooling towers over the 10 years, elucidated high clonal population of L. pneumophila in Japanese cooling tower. Moreover, it revealed that the strains of CC2 are phylogenetically distant compared to those of CC1 and CC3, and belonged to L. pneumophila subsp. fraseri.

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“…This results in hot water mixing with the river water, altering their physicochemical characteristics and microbiota [ 9 ]. The water bodies harbor hot spring-native microbial populations, along with introduced potential pathogens [ 10 , 11 ], due to anthropogenic influences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evaluation of Bacterial Abundance and Functional Potentials in the Three Major Watersheds, Located in the Hot Spring Zone of the Tatun Volcano Group Basin, Taiwan

et al. 2022

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The Tatun Volcanic Group (TVG), located in northern Taiwan, is characterized by acidic hot springs where the outflow of the hot springs may affect the properties of the associated lotic water bodies. We investigated the bacterial diversity and functional profiles of the Peihuang (PHC), HuangGang (HGC), and Nanhuang Creeks (NHC) located in the TVG basin using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with statistical analyses. Water samples were collected from various streams of the creeks for two months of the year. The NHC showed the highest diversity, richness, and a unique number of phyla, which was followed by the HGC. A reduced number of phyla and a lower diversity was noticed in the PHC. The NHC was found to be abundant in the genera Armatimonas, Prosthecobacter, Pirellula, and Bdellovibrio, whereas the HGC was rich in Thiomonas, Acidiphilium, Prevotella, Acidocella, Acidithiobacillus, and Metallibacterium. The PHC was abundant in Thiomonsa, Legionella, Acidocella, and Sulfuriferula. The samples did not show any strong seasonal variations with the bacterial diversity and abundance; however, the relative abundance of each sampling site varied within the sampling months. The iron transport protein- and the sulfur metabolism-related pathways were predicted to be the key functions in all the creeks, whereas the heavy metal-related functions, such as the cobalt/nickel transport protein and the cobalt–zinc–cadmium efflux system were found to be abundant in the HGC and PHC, respectively. The abundance of Bdellovibrio in the NHC, Diplorickettsia in the HGC, and Legionella in the PHC samples indicated a higher anthropogenic impact over the creek water quality. This study provides the data to understand the distinct bacterial community structure, as well as the functional potentials of the three major watersheds, and helps the knowledge of the impact of the physicochemical properties of the TVG hot springs upon the watersheds.

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Prevalence of Legionella species isolated from shower water in public bath facilities in Toyama Prefecture, Japan

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Environmental surveillance of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems of hotels in Morocco

Environmental surveillance of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems of hotels in Morocco

Analysis of Genetic Characterization and Clonality of Legionella pneumophila Isolated from Cooling Towers in Japan

The Evaluation of Bacterial Abundance and Functional Potentials in the Three Major Watersheds, Located in the Hot Spring Zone of the Tatun Volcano Group Basin, Taiwan

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