Prevalence of malaria and associated factors among symptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care at three health centers in north-west Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Malaria is the disease caused by Plasmodium species and primarily transmitted by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. During pregnancy, malaria causes life threatening outcomes to the mother, the fetus and the new born. Even though, malaria symptomatic pregnant women highly attract mosquitoes and have higher potential of transmitting the disease in communities, most of the previous studies focused on pregnant women with asymptomatic Plasmodium infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among symptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care at three health centers in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April, 2021. A total of 312 malaria symptomatic pregnant women were involved from three health centers and enrolled by convenient sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic and clinical data through face to face interview. Capillary blood samples were collected and used to prepare thin and thick blood smears, which were then stained using 10% Giemsa and examined under light microscope. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with malaria. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated and P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of malaria among symptomatic pregnant women was 20.8% (65/312) of which 12.2% (38/312), 4.8% (15/312) and 3.8% (12/312) were P. falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infections, respectively. Being illiterate (p< 0.001), first trimester (p = 0.036), primigravidae (p<0.001), living far from health center (p<0.001), not sleeping under long lasting insecticide treated nets (p<0.001) and living near irrigation areas (p = 0.006) were significantly associated with prevalence of malaria in malaria symptomatic pregnant women. Conclusions Even though prevalence of malaria is decreasing in the country because of scale-up of intervention and prevention measures, this study showed that, malaria is still the major public health problem among pregnant women. Being illiterate, first trimester, primigravidae, living far from health centers, not sleeping under long lasting insecticide treated nets and living near irrigation areas were factors that increased the prevalence of malaria in malaria symptomatic pregnant women. Therefore, special attention should be given to pregnant women prone to these factors.

Prevalence and risk factors of malaria among first antenatal care attendees in rural Burkina Faso

“…In this study, adolescent pregnant women were found to have a higher prevalence of malaria infection with up to a twofold increase. This is in line with studies conducted in different sub-Saharan African countries which reported that young pregnant women are at the greatest risk of malaria infection and have the highest parasite densities [ 18 , 38 , 39 ]. This may be attributed to the fact that adolescent pregnant women did not have adequate exposure to health services and did not gain a good awareness about malaria and its prevention approaches.…”

The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia

“…The odds of being infected with malaria were higher among individuals who did not use a bed net and those who used bed nets occasionally than those who used daily (p < 0.05). This finding is supported by a study conducted in Ethiopia [ 19 , 24 , 25 , 43 , 44 ] and Nigeria [ 30 ]. Insecticide-treated bed nets provide protection both to the individuals sleeping under them by deterring mosquito bites and family members by killing mosquitoes, thereby reducing the transmission of malaria parasites [ 39 ].…”

“…This finding is similar to the prevalence (7.52%) reported for Kombolcha (northeast Ethiopia) [ 41 ]. In Ethiopia, a much higher prevalence was reported in the East Shewa zone, central Ethiopia (20.5%) [ 42 ] in Hadiya zone, Sothern Ethiopia (25.8%) [ 43 ], and in North-west Ethiopia (20.8%) [ 44 ]. This difference might be due to variation in study design and setting i.e.…”

Plasmodium falciparum Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Woman Attending Bafang District Hospital, Semi-Rural Area, West Region of Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…In this study, pregnant women in the first and second trimester of pregnancy were more infected than those in the third trimester. This result corroborates with studies conducted in the Republic of Ethiopia [17,18,19] who found that pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy had an increased risk of having malaria than women in the third trimester.…”