Prevalence of malaria parasites in adults and its determinants in malaria endemic area of Kisumu County, Kenya

Jenkins, Rachel; Omollo, Raymond; Ongecha, Michael; Sifuna, Peter; Othieno, Caleb; Ongeri, Linnet; Kingora, James; Ogutu, Bernhards

doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0781-5

Cited by 81 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These lower rates are more similar to the rates reported here, and may reflect geographic variation as well as the impact of local bed net programmes, rapid urbanization [34] and education about malaria prevention practices [36]. Interestingly, RDT positivity rates reported by the UVRI clinic for men aged 18–45 were higher than in women [2014–2016 rate = 12% (74/628), July–December 2015 = 8.5% (9/106)], reflecting gender-specific differences in malaria rates previously observed in other SSA studies [3, 35]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Recent data regarding adult malaria prevalence rates in SSA and Uganda are limited [3, 4], as most malaria surveys focus on the infection in children (e.g., [6, 9, 34]). In 2008, a survey performed in the Tororo district of eastern Uganda found a malaria prevalence of 10–20% among adult women, with the highest prevalence in younger women [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low prevalence of laboratory-confirmed malaria in clinically diagnosed adult women from the Wakiso district of Uganda

Yegorov

Galiwango

Ssemaganda

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundThe malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has fallen substantially. Nevertheless, malaria remains a serious health concern, and Uganda ranks third in SSA in total malaria burden. Epidemiological studies of adult malaria in Uganda are scarce and little is known about rates of malaria in non-pregnant adult women. This pilot study assessed malaria prevalence among adult women from Wakiso district, historically a highly malaria endemic region.MethodsAdult women using public health services were screened for malaria, HIV and pregnancy. A physician-selected subset of women presenting to the Outpatient Department of Entebbe General Hospital (EGH) with current fever (axillary temperature ≥37.5 °C) or self-reporting fever during the previous 24 h, and a positive thick smear for malaria in the EGH laboratory were enrolled (n = 86). Women who self-identified as pregnant or HIV-positive were excluded from screening. Malaria infection was then assessed using HRP2/pLDH rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in all participants. Repeat microscopy and PCR were performed at a research laboratory for a subset of participants. In addition, 104 women without a history of fever were assessed for asymptomatic parasitaemia using RDT, and a subset of these women screened for parasitaemia using microscopy (40 women) and PCR (40 women).ResultsOf 86 women diagnosed with malaria by EGH, only two (2.3%) had malaria confirmed using RDT, subsequently identified as a Plasmodium falciparum infection by research microscopy and PCR. Subset analysis of hospital diagnosed RDT-negative participants detected one sub-microscopic infection with Plasmodium ovale. Compared to RDT, sensitivity, specificity and PPV of hospital microscopy were 100% (CI 19.8–100), 0% (CI 0–5.32) and 2.33% (CI 0.403–8.94) respectively. Compared to PCR, sensitivity, specificity and PPV of hospital microscopy were 100% (CI 31.0–100), 0% (CI 0–34.5) and 23.1% (CI 6.16–54.0), respectively. No malaria was detected among asymptomatic women using RDT, research microscopy or PCR.ConclusionsMalaria prevalence among adult women appears to be low in Wakiso, but is masked by high rates of malaria overdiagnosis. More accurate malaria testing is urgently needed in public hospitals in this region to identify true causes of febrile illness and reduce unnecessary provision of anti-malarial therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low prevalence of laboratory-confirmed malaria in clinically diagnosed adult women from the Wakiso district of Uganda

Yegorov

Galiwango

Ssemaganda

et al. 2016

Malar J

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“…Routine surveys capture information on individuals and households, including residency, household relationships, births, deaths, migrations (in and out), causes of morbidity (syndromic incidence and prevalence), and causes of death by way of verbal autopsy. The HDSS population is characterized by low economic status and high prevalence of infectious diseases such as TB, HIV, and Malaria [12–14]. The HIV prevalence in the region encompassing the entire HDSS is nearly four times the nationally reported average, with a general prevalence in Kisumu County of 20% as compared to the national prevalence of 5.1% [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cause-specific mortality in the Kombewa health and demographic surveillance systems site, rural Western Kenya from 2011–2015

Sifuna

Otieno

Ogwang

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: The vast majority of deaths in the health and Kombewa demographic surveillance system (HDSS) study area are not registered and reported through official systems of vital registration. As a result, few data are available regarding causes of death in this population. Objectives: To describe causes of death among residents of all ages in the Kombewa HDSS, located in rural Western Kenya. Methods: Verbal autopsy (VA) interviews at the site were conducted using the modified 2007 and later 2012 standardized WHO questionnaires. Assignment of causes of death was made using the InterVA-4 model version 4.02. Cox regression model, adjusted for sex, was built to evaluate the influence of age on mortality. Results: There were a total of 5196 deaths recorded between 2011 and 2015 at the site. VA interviews were successfully completed for 3903 of these deaths (75.1%). Mortality rates were highest among neonates HR = 38.54 (<0.001) and among Infants HR = 2.07 (<0.006) in the Kombewa HDSS. Among those deaths in which VA was performed, the top causes of death were HIV/AIDS (12.6%), Malaria (10.3%), Pneumonia (10.1%), Acute abdomen (7.0%), Stroke (5.2%) and TB (4.9%) for the whole population in general. Stroke, acute abdomen heart diseases and Pneumonia were common causes of death (CODs) among the elderly over the age of 65. Conclusions: The analysis established the main CODs among people of all ages within the area served by the Kombewa HDSS. We hope that information generated from this study will help better address preventable deaths in the surveyed community as well as help mitigate negative health impacts in other rural communities throughout the Western Kenya region.

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“…Given the year-round availability of fresh water, a high density of malaria vectors is found on these islands, as well as along the lakeshore communities78. Compared to Rusinga Island910 and some mainland areas in the Lake Victoria basin where epidemiological studies have been conducted11, there is a dearth of information on malaria endemicity on Mfangano and surrounding small islands. In response, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of malaria infections among populations on islands in Lake Victoria, Homa Bay County, Kenya.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High and Heterogeneous Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Sub-microscopic Malaria Infections on Islands in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Idris

Chan

Kongere

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Kenya is intensifying its national efforts in malaria control to achieve malaria elimination. Detailed characterization of malaria infection among populations living in the areas where the disease is endemic in Kenya is a crucial priority, especially for planning and evaluating future malaria elimination strategy. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and extent of malaria infection on islands in Lake Victoria of Kenya to aid in designing new interventions for malaria elimination. Five cross-sectional surveys were conducted between January 2012 and August 2014 on four islands (Mfangano, Takawiri, Kibuogi and Ngodhe) in Lake Victoria and a coastal mainland (Ungoye). Malaria prevalence varied significantly among settings: highest in Ungoye, followed by the large island of Mfangano and lowest in the three remaining small islands. Of the 3867 malaria infections detected by PCR, 91.8% were asymptomatic, 50.3% were sub-microscopic, of which 94% were also asymptomatic. We observed geographical differences and age dependency in both proportion of sub-microscopic infections and asymptomatic parasite carriage. Our findings highlighted the local heterogeneity in malaria prevalence on islands and a coastal area in Lake Victoria, and provided support for the inclusion of mass drug administration as a component of the intervention package to eliminate malaria on islands.

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Prevalence of malaria parasites in adults and its determinants in malaria endemic area of Kisumu County, Kenya

Cited by 81 publications

References 21 publications

Low prevalence of laboratory-confirmed malaria in clinically diagnosed adult women from the Wakiso district of Uganda

Low prevalence of laboratory-confirmed malaria in clinically diagnosed adult women from the Wakiso district of Uganda

Cause-specific mortality in the Kombewa health and demographic surveillance systems site, rural Western Kenya from 2011–2015

High and Heterogeneous Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Sub-microscopic Malaria Infections on Islands in Lake Victoria, Kenya

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