Prevalence of malocclusion and its relationship with socio-demographic factors, dental caries, and oral hygiene in 12- to 14-year-old Tanzanian schoolchildren

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, caries experience, and level of oral hygiene in 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren residing in two socio-economically different districts of Tanzania. A total of 1601 children (mean age 13 years, 60.5 per cent girls) attending 16 primary schools in Kinondoni and Temeke districts participated in a clinical examination and were interviewed in school settings. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression models were used to test for statistically significant differences between different groups. The results showed that 63.8 per cent (62.6 per cent in Kinondoni and 66.0 per cent in Temeke) of the subjects had at least one type of anomaly, with a midline shift (22.5 per cent), spacing of at least 2 mm (21.9 per cent), and an open bite (16.1 per cent) being the most frequently recorded. The majority (93.6 per cent) of the children showed a Class I molar relationship. Class II and Class III malocclusions were registered in 4.4 and 2.0 per cent, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses, controlling for socio-demographic factors, showed that the odds ratio for having an open bite was 1.8 if residing in a less socio-economically privileged district. Subjects with decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DNFT) (>0) were 1.7, 2.1, 2.4, and 1.7, respectively, more likely to be diagnosed with a malocclusion, a midline shift, Angle Class II and III, and an open bite. Schoolchildren with fair/poor oral hygiene were less likely than their counterparts with good oral hygiene to be diagnosed with a midline shift. Malocclusions were prevalent in the Tanzanian children investigated and were associated with environmental factors in terms of caries experience and residing in a less affluent district. Preventive programmes to combat the prevalence of malocclusion are recommended.

Individual and contextual determinants of malocclusion in 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian city

“…In summary, this typology classifies census districts into area types based on a scale of median income. In line with our study, Mtaya et al 24 classified two districts of Tanzania by differences in employment and literacy rates, and proportions of the population using electricity. At the same time, higher levels of mother's education, which was the socioeconomic variable used at the individual level in the present study, had a protective effect on their children's occlusion.…”

“…8,24 Whenever associations between socioeconomic variables and malocclusions are reported, these could reflect differential access to orthodontic treatment. In the United States, for example, orthodontic treatment was more frequent in higher income groups, according to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 25 showing greater uptake of treatment in groups with a higher socioeconomic status.…”

“…This index mathematically links the clinical and aesthetic components to achieve a single score (from 13 to 230), which combines the physical and aesthetic aspects of occlusion, 22 allowing for its classification into: normal or mild (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), definite (26)(27)(28)(29)(30), severe (31-35), and very severe or handicapping malocclusion (36-230).…”

Prevalence of angle class III malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The majority of articles analyzed data from African populations: Tanzania [13][14][15], Nigeria [10][11][12], Sudan [16], Senegal [17], and Keny [18]. Four articles looked a at populations from Southeast Asia, including China [4,5], Malaysia [7], and Singapore [8].…”

“…For example, several studies have indicated that Asian races have a higher prevalence of Angle class III malocclusion than other races [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In some instances population data have shown conflicting reports, such as differing studies among Nigerian children reporting Angle class III malocclusion prevalence ranging from 1.2% (1993) up to 11.8% (2004) [11][12][13].…”