Prevalence of mental health conditions and relationship with
                        general health in a whole-country population of people with intellectual
                        disabilities compared with the general population

Background As people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are now living longer, they are more at risk of developing non‐communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, understanding of factors associated with diabetes for targeted management and prevention strategies is limited. This study aimed to investigate prevalence of diabetes in adults (aged ≥18 years) with ID and its relationship with demographic, lifestyle, independence and health factors. Method This was a cross‐sectional analysis of interview data from 1091 adults with ID from the Leicestershire Learning Disability Register from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2016. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with diabetes in the study population. Results The study population did not have healthy lifestyles: just under half reported having lower physical activity levels than people without ID of a similar age; one‐quarter consumed fizzy drinks daily; and 20% consumed five or more fruit and/or vegetables per day. Prevalence of carer/self‐reported diabetes was 7.3% (95% confidence interval 5.9–9.0). After adjustment, diabetes was positively associated with South Asian ethnicity (P = 0.03) and older age groups (P < 0.001). Diabetes was less common in people living with family members (P = 0.02). We did not find a relationship between any of the lifestyle, independence and health factors investigated. Conclusions A significant proportion of people with ID are living with diabetes. Diabetes management and prevention strategies should be tailored to individuals' complex needs and include consideration of lifestyle choices. Such strategies may want to focus on adults of South Asian ethnicity and people living in residential homes where prevalence appears to be higher.

“…; Hughes‐McCormack et al . ) which further decreases their likelihood of leading healthy lifestyles (Harris et al . ; Tyrer et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes in adults with intellectual disability: prevalence and associated demographic, lifestyle, independence and health factors

Tyrer

Ling

Bhaumik

et al. 2020

“…physical disability, learning disability or developmental disorders), poorer general health (Hughes‐Mccormack et al . ) and high risk of polypharmacy (Bratek et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Level of intelligence also seems to be a causal factor in psychiatric illness, showing people with ID of all ages to show substantially more health problems (e.g. physical disability, learning disability or developmental disorders), poorer general health (Hughes-Mccormack et al 2017) and high risk of polypharmacy (Bratek et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition, shifting and updating in relation to psychometric intelligence across ability groups in the psychiatric population

Biesmans

Aken

Frunt³

et al. 2018

Background Assessment of intelligence and executive function (EF) is common in complex neuropsychiatric practice. Although previous studies have shown that EF and intelligence are related, it is unknown whether these constructs relate to one another in a similar manner across different ability groups (mild intellectual disability, borderline intellectual disability and normal/high intelligence). This study therefore examines the relation between three EFs (inhibition, shifting and updating) and intelligence in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. It is hypothesised that the strength of the relation between intelligence and the three EFs decreases when the level of intelligence increases, in accordance with Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns. Methods In a cross‐sectional, between and within subject design, one of the three intelligence tests (Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – third and fourth editions) and several EF tests (Stroop Colour–Word Test, Trail Making Test and Spatial Working Memory task) were administered to 250 neuropsychiatric inpatients and outpatients (Mage = 39.8, standard deviation = 14.3, 52.8% male). Based upon their full‐scale IQ score, patients were divided into three ability groups (mild intellectual disability, borderline intellectual disability or normal/high intelligence). The relation between EF and intelligence was assessed through analyses of the correlation pattern; groups were compared using analysis of covariance. Results Analyses showed significant correlations between the constructs of EF and intelligence. A significant interaction effect was found for shifting, with highest correlations in the normal to high intelligence group, but not for inhibition and updating. Conclusions Results support a specific role for shifting in this EF–intelligence relation. The correlational pattern of updating and intelligence, as well as the differential relation of shifting and intelligence across ability groups, suggests that EF tasks may not measure distinct EFs in lower intellectual ability but rely on cognitive primitives such as processing speed. EF tasks can be considered less valid indicators of EF ability. Implications in terms of the need for development of specific tasks to measure cognition in low intellectual ability are discussed.

“…Previous studies documenting the prevalence of coexisting mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions among individuals with ID tend to combine samples of youth across developmental stages (Emerson 2003;Emerson and Hatton 2007;Boulet et al 2009;Boyle et al 2011;Schieve et al 2012;Lakhan 2013;Khanna 2014;Hughes-McCormack et al 2017). For example, a study using the Scotland 2011 census combined youth ages 0 to 15 (Hughes-McCormack et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental stages and estimated prevalence of coexisting mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and service use in youth with intellectual disabilities, 2011–2012

Comer-HaGans

Weller

Story

et al. 2020

Background Few studies exist on mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and service use among youth with intellectual disabilities (IDs), which makes it difficult to develop interventions for this population. The objective of the study is to (1) estimate and compare the prevalence of mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions in youth with and without ID across three developmental stages and (2) estimate and compare mental health service use in youth with and without ID across three developmental stages. Methods We conducted secondary data analysis using cross‐sectional data collected from caregivers completing the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health. The data set represents a nationally representative sample of youth (0–17 years) in the USA with one child from each household being randomly selected. Data were collected from caregivers in 50 states, Washington D.C. and the US Virgin Islands. We restricted the sample to parents of youth between 3–17 years (N = 81 510). Results Compared with youth without ID, youth ages 3–17 with ID had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of (1) mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and (2) mental health care use and medication use for mental health and neurodevelopmental issues (other than attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Clinically significant differences in coexisting conditions and service use were also found across developmental stages. Conclusions Youth with ID are at greater risk of having coexisting mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions than youth without ID and are more likely to receive treatment. Therefore, clinicians should consider mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions and the unique needs of youth by developmental stage when tailoring interventions for youth with ID.