Prevalence of microalbuminuria, arterial hypertension, retinopathy, and neuropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes

Abstract

microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria was significantly higher in patients whose diabetes had developed before rather than after the age of 20. The prevalence of arterial hypertension increased with increased albuminuria, being 19%, 30%, and 65% in patients with normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria respectively. The prevalence of proliferative retinopathy and blindness rose with increasing albuminuria, being 12% and 1-4%, respectively, in patients with normoalbuminuria, 28% and 5*6% in those with microalbuminuria and 58% and 10-6% in those with macroalbuminuria. An abnormal vibratory perception threshold was more common in patients with microalbuminuria (31%) and macroalbuminuria (50%) than in those with normoalbuminuria (21%). This study found a high prevalence (22%) ofmicroalbuminuria, which is predictive of the later development of diabetic nephropathy. Microalbuminuria is also characterised by an increased prevalence of arterial hypertension, proliferative retinopathy, blindness, and peripheral neuropathy. Thus, urinary excretion of albumin should be monitored routinely in patients with insulin dependent diabetes.

Diabetic retinopathy

“…Virtually all patients with nephropathy also have retinopathy [54,55], often PDR, whereas about one-third of patients with PDR do not have microalbuminuria [56]. DR is found in 85 to 99% of patients with Type I diabetes and persistent proteinuria but only in 47 to 63% of people with Type II diabetes [57,58], suggesting that about 30% of proteinuria in the latter might not be due to diabetic nephropathy.…”

Protective Effect of Benidipine against the Development of Glomerular Sclerosis in Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome

“…Many authors suggested that anti hype rten sive agents such as ACE in hibitors, which reduce glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure, improve proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis (18,(20)(21)(22)(23). On the other hand, it has been reported that Ca-channel blockers show more selective relaxation of renal afferent arterioles than renal efferent arterioles (24,25).…”

The impact of blood pressure measurement methods on the assessment of differences in blood pressure levels between patients with normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetes and healthy controls

“…Contrasting results have been reported regarding the prevalence of hypertension in patients with normoalbuminuric IDDM, showing either a slightly higher than expected or a normal percentage of IDDM patients with elevated BP. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Some investigators have reported that even in young diabetic patients BP is increased, 9,10 but others did not find a difference in systolic BP between diabetic children and a reference population whereas diastolic BP tended to be even lower. 11 Although most cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies on the prevalence of elevated BP in type 1 diabetes suggest an association between microalbuminuria and BP rise, it is still controversial whether the increase of arterial BP precedes, follows or develops in parallel with the onset of microalbuminuria.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Furthermore, it is unclear if in patients with type 1 diabetes an increase in BP precedes or follows the onset of microalbuminuria. 4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] It is clear that accurate measurements of BP are of great importance. In the various studies mentioned before, the methods of BP ± 1.5/83.7 ± 1.0 in C (NS).…”