Prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in Yazd inner-city municipalities

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. With effective intervention and control of cardiovascular risk factors, mortality rates may be reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of modifiable risk factors across five municipalities in Yazd city.Methods: Ten thousand residents of the Yazd greater area aged 20-69 years were selected using cluster random sampling method. Overall, 200 clusters were randomly selected based on the postcodes of residents who lived in the five municipalities of Yazd. Those who lived in Yazd annexed cities and rural areas were excluded. A valid questionnaire was completed and physical examination performed as done (94.9% response rate). Instances of selfreported diabetes mellitus, high blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and unhealthy diet were recorded. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured and physical activity was classified by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in variables across municipalities. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS V. 16. Results:We analyzed 8749 participants' data from Yazd city. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension were 14.1, 16.7 and 18.6%, respectively. One in every four people consumed the recommended five servings of vegetables per day. Fish consumption was less than 5% at least once a week among participants. An unhealthy diet (85.7%); low physical activity (52.2%), hypertension (36.7%) and obesity (26.3%) were the most common cardiovascular risk factors. Only 2.1% of adults had no risk factors for CVD, and almost 75% of people had more than one risk factor. The prevalence of risk factors (excluding hypertension) was significantly different across the municipalities. Residents of region three had the highest prevalence of all risk factors aside from inactivity and unhealthy diet.Conclusion: unhealthy dietary habits and inactivity are the most common modifiable risk factors of CVD in Yazd. Spatial variations of cardiovascular risk factors observed. This geographic health inequality requires more attention from policymakers to control CVD risk factors across different municipalities accordingly. Promoting healthy lifestyle is the top priority of health intervention programs. It is recommended to increase access to sport arenas and restrict access to tobacconist in high-risk areas.

Illness perception and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in Iran

“…Mirzaei et al . conducted a study in Yazd, Iran and reported that lack of physical activities and unhealthy eating habits were among the most prominent risk factors of CVDs in a healthy society [ 37 ]. They also reported that 26.5% of Iran’s healthy population would be prone to the high risk of CVDs based on the Framingham risk score (FRS) [ 38 ].…”

Relationship between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low-Income Housewives in Kuala Lumpur

“…The majority of the participants in this sample had low levels of physical exercise, supplemented by moderate and high levels. This study’s low prevalence of physical activity is higher than those seen in Somaliland (78.4%) [ 29 ], Kathmandu (61.1%) [ 11 ], Bolivia (64.77%) [ 33 ], and Iran (52.2%) [ 34 ]. Previous Malaysian surveys, on the other hand, have found reverse findings, with the bulk of respondents (81.9%) being physically involved.…”

A Review of the Prevention of Drug Addiction: Specific Interventions, Effectiveness, and Important Topics

“…Characteristically, there is a great heterogeneity among the programs and methods. 7 , 8 Before reviewing the results in the following section, these interventions are elaborated. The following categorization of interventions was chosen because it contributes to a systematic and comprehensive display ( Table 1 ).…”