Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with polymicrobial infections

Kim, Hak-Jae; Na, Sae Won; Alodaini, Hissah Abdulrahman; Al-Dosary, Munirah Abdullah; Nandhakumari, Ponnumuthu; Dyona, L.

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.005

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium that is ubiquitous in human skin. Skin wound infections, particularly caused by drug-resistant pathogens, are a global problem, costing millions of dollars per year to treat, commonly leading to difficult wound healing and other infection-related severe syndromes such as bacteremia, lethal sepsis, acute renal failure, and so on, and still has a mortality rate of around 30% worldwide [ 7 ]. The skin is the body’s greatest organ and is the basis for maintaining the skin barrier, which is considered to be the basis for protection against pathogenic bacteria and other microbial infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phloroglucinol Derivative Carbomer Hydrogel Accelerates MRSA-Infected Wounds’ Healing

Huang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Globally, wound infection is considered to be one of the major healthcare problems, with bacterial infections being the most critical threat, leading to poor and delayed wound healing, and even death. As a superbug, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a profound hazard to public health safety, prompting us to search for alternative treatment approaches. Herein, the MTT test and Hoechst/propidium iodide (PI) staining demonstrated that PD was slightly less toxic to human fibroblasts including Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line than Silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and Vancomycin (Van). In the MRSA-infected wound model, PD hydrogel (1%, 2.5%) was applied with for 14 days. The wound healing of PD hydrogel groups was superior to the SSD, Van, and control groups. Remarkably, the experimental results showed that PD reduced the number of skin bacteria, reduced inflammation, and upregulated the expression of PCNA (keratinocyte proliferation marker) and CD31 (angiogenesis manufacturer) at the wound site by histology (including hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining) and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, no toxicity, hemocompatibility or histopathological changes to organs were observed. Altogether, these results suggested the potential of PD hydrogel as a safe, effective, and low toxicity hydrogel for the future clinical treatment of MRSA-infected wounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phloroglucinol Derivative Carbomer Hydrogel Accelerates MRSA-Infected Wounds’ Healing

Huang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…This bacterial resistance has also intensified due to the high use of antibiotics, self-medication and treatment failure. In addition, antibacterial resistance is aggravated through natural biological factors, such as biochemical and genetic aspects, as there are several genes that are associated with bacterial resistance to antibiotics that determine the expression of genes encoding enzymatic resistance, target modification and active efflux ( Kim et al, 2021 ; Pulingam et al, 2021 ). Active efflux is a resistance mechanism used by bacterial cells to extrude toxic substances, including antibiotics, out of the bacterial cell ( Piddock, 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of ellagic acid and gallic acid as efflux pump inhibitors in strains of Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2022

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The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a number of infections and has been described to exhibit resistance to antibacterial drugs through different resistance mechanisms. Among these, active efflux has been shown to be one of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance associated with S. aureus. In this sense, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the ellagic acid and gallic acid compounds to reverse resistance by inhibiting the efflux pumps present in S. aureus strains IS-58 and K2068 that express the TetK and MepA flux pumps, respectively. In addition, it was verified the toxicity of both compounds on Drosophila melanogaster. Broth microdilution assays were performed to obtain the MIC values of ellagic acid and gallic acid, while efflux pump inhibition was tested using a subinhibitory concentration of standard efflux pump inhibitors, gallic acid and ellagic acid (MIC/8), where the ability of these compounds to decrease the MIC of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and antibiotics was verified. Toxicity was evaluated by mortality and negative geotaxis assays in D. melanogaster. Ellagic acid and gallic acid showed no direct antibacterial activity on S. aureus strains carrying the efflux pumps TetK and MepA. However, when we look at the results for the TetK pump, we see that when the two acids were associated with the antibiotic tetracycline a potentiation of the antibacterial effect occurred, this behavior was also observed for the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in the MepA strain. For the efflux pump inhibition results, only the compound gallic acid showed potentiating effect on antibacterial activity when associated with the substrate EtBr for the IS-58 strain carrying the TetK efflux pump. Ellagic acid and gallic acid showed no toxicity on the model arthropod D. melanogaster. These results indicate the possible use of gallic acid as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.

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“…The worldwide spread of pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes resistant or tolerant to conventional antimicrobials drastically decreases the number of available options for the treatment of infectious diseases and thus becomes a global challenge for healthcare [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Furthermore, the coexistence of different microorganisms in mixed communities leads to additional difficulties in treatment compared to monospecific infections [ 8 , 11 , 47 ]. Due to interbacterial and bacterial–fungal interactions in consortia, their counterparts change metabolism and morphology that consequently leads to altered susceptibility to antimicrobials [ 7 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol

et al. 2022

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Infectious diseases caused by various nosocomial microorganisms affect worldwide both immunocompromised and relatively healthy persons. Bacteria and fungi have different tools to evade antimicrobials, such as hydrolysis damaging the drug, efflux systems, and the formation of biofilm that significantly complicates the treatment of the infection. Here, we show that myrtenol potentiates the antimicrobial and biofilm-preventing activity of conventional drugs against S. aureus and C. albicans mono- and dual-species cultures. In our study, the two optical isomers, (-)-myrtenol and (+)-myrtenol, have been tested as either antibacterials, antifungals, or enhancers of conventional drugs. (+)-Myrtenol demonstrated a synergistic effect with amikacin, fluconazole, and benzalkonium chloride on 64–81% of the clinical isolates of S. aureus and C. albicans, including MRSA and fluconazole-resistant fungi, while (-)-myrtenol increased the properties of amikacin and fluconazole to repress biofilm formation in half of the S. aureus and C. albicans isolates. Furthermore, myrtenol was able to potentiate benzalkonium chloride up to sixteen-fold against planktonic cells in an S. aureus–C. albicans mixed culture and repressed the adhesion of S. aureus. The mechanism of both (-)-myrtenol and (+)-myrtenol synergy with conventional drugs was apparently driven by membrane damage since the treatment with both terpenes led to a significant drop in membrane potential similar to the action of benzalkonium chloride. Thus, due to the low toxicity of myrtenol, it seems to be a promising agent to increase the efficiency of the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and be fungi of the genus Candida as well as mixed fungal–bacterial infections, including resistant strains.

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Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with polymicrobial infections

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Phloroglucinol Derivative Carbomer Hydrogel Accelerates MRSA-Infected Wounds’ Healing

Phloroglucinol Derivative Carbomer Hydrogel Accelerates MRSA-Infected Wounds’ Healing

Evaluation of ellagic acid and gallic acid as efflux pump inhibitors in strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol

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