Prevalence of multidrug-resistant, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in nasal carriage, food, wastewater and paper currency in Jalandhar city (north-western), an Indian state of Punjab

Abstract

Development of multidrug-resistant pattern in the bacterial community is a major threat to the society. Staphylococcus aureus is perhaps the pathogen of the greatest concern because of its inherent virulence, its ability to cause a diverse array of life-threatening situations and capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions. The aims of this study is to investigate the multidrug-resistant pattern of the coagulase-positive S. aureus isolated from nasal carriage, food, paper currency and wastewater samples. We had also studied the multiple antibiotic resistance index and in vitro production of β-lactamase. The study had found out 130 coagulase-positive S. aureus strains isolated from total of 595 samples such as anterior nares of preschool children (195), hospital nurses (100), drivers (76), food (86), wastewater (3) and paper currency (135) (Indian rupee). The biotypes pattern were as follows; A > D > B > C> UT. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) value clearly defines the multidrug-resistant pattern of the S. aureus among different sources. Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) of results obtained indicated that the difference in the antibiotic resistance observed in the 130 bacterial isolates against the 23 different antibiotics used in this study was statically significant (p < 0.01).

Epidemiology and antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in children in Hungary

“…In this study, the occurrence of S. aureus nasal carriage of healthy 3-6-year-old children in Hungary was found to be 21.3%, which correlates well with international data [3,15]. A cross-sectional study published in 2013 compared the prevalence of nasal S. aureus carriage of healthy patients in nine European countries (involving >32,000 people), including Hungary [16].…”

Toward a Metagenomic Understanding on the Bacterial Composition and Resistome in Hong Kong Banknotes

“…Furthermore, the transmission of pathogenic species, such as Escherichia coli or S. aureus , from banknotes to humans has been observed (Gedik et al, 2013). Additionally, bacteria with antibiotic resistance on currency notes have been reported around the world (Gabriel et al, 2013; Akoachere et al, 2014; Kumar et al, 2015). It was suggested that “banknotes could serve as a vehicle for transmission of drug resistant pathogenic” (Akoachere et al, 2014; Angelakis et al, 2014).…”

Prevalence and classification of high antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus aureus in wastewater eluted from poultry slaughterhouse

“…The source of S. aureus could be from the slaughterhouse, livestock and the food handlers. The presence of S. aureus is inevitable as S. aureus can be found in animals especially in the skin, mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, lower urogenital tract and digestive tract (Kluytmans, 2010;Kumar et al, 2015). Additionally, a wide range of animals and birds carries S. aureus (Food Standard Agency, 2017).…”

“…However, the drugs are still ongoing clinical trials. In addition, Kumar et al (2015) suggested the need for organizing health and hygienerelated programs to the public as to raise the awareness related to S. aureus which emphasizes on sanitary and drug-related guidelines.…”