Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study

Wang, Hongxi; Li, Yuancun; Qiu, Kunliang; Zhang, Riping; Lu, Xuehui; Li, Luo; Lin, Jianwei; Lu, Yue; Zhang, Dan; Guo, Peiting; Yang, Yong; Liu, Jing; Huang, Yingzi; Qian, Ma; Zhou, Ruiqing; Ou, Yunxuan; Chen, Quanwen; Zhou, Yue; Deng, Dewei; Li, Can; Yam, Jason C.; Chen, Li Jia; Pang, Chi‐Pui; Zhang, Mingzhi

doi:10.1136/bjo-2021-320940

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In September 2020, during the period of school reopens, a long-term programme Shantou Myopia Study was conducted in Shantou City, southern China. As reported in the study, myopia affects 51.8% of schoolchildren, with girls suffering a higher myopia burden than boys (55.2% vs 48.7%) 12. Since the prevalence of myopia in Shantou is much higher than the national average (35.6%), it is necessary to further explore the annual progression and incidence of myopia among those children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China

Guo,

Li,

Luo

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo determine the progression and incidence of myopia in Chinese schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period in Shantou, China.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingShantou Myopia Study, China.Participants1-year follow-up data were available for 621 881 schoolchildren (301 999 females). Data on spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were collected.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were myopia progression and incidence. Myopia progression is defined as a change of SER towards the negative direction in the follow-up visit. Incidence is defined as the proportion of schoolchildren who were not myopic but developed myopia in the follow-up study. Age, sex and SER at baseline were evaluated as associated factors for myopia burden, which were defined as the secondary outcomes.ResultsMean progression of SER was −0.35±0.97 D for the population (ranging from −0.06 D at 18 years of age to −0.46 D at 11 years of age), with a rapid myopic progression for students at the age of 10–12 years (−0.50 D in girls and −0.44 D in boys). A myopic shift greater than −0.50 D/year occurred in 256 299 eyes (41.21%). Myopic progression in refraction was associated with the 10–12 years age groups (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.39 to 1.45, p<0.001), female sex (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.10, p<0.001) and higher refractive errors at baseline (OR>1.00, p<0.001). The annual incidence of myopia among schoolchildren was 24.85%, with an incidence of 26.69% in girls and 23.02% in boys.ConclusionsOur study revealed an annual myopia progression of −0.35 D and an incidence of 24.85% among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period. Myopia progressed rapidly at 10–12 years of age, with −0.50 D in girls and −0.44 D in boys. The incidence was higher for children aged 10–11 years and for girls.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China

Guo,

Li,

Luo

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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“…SER is defined as the sum of the spherical dioptres and half of the cylindrical dioptres. In the present setting, myopia is defined as a cycloplegic SER ≤ -0.50 D with a UCVA on the Snellen chart of < 20/20 in one or both eyes, and hyperopia is defined as a cycloplegic SER ≥ +0.50 D in at least one eye [13]. Normal vision is defined as -0.50 < SER < +0.50 D and a UCVA ≥ 20/20 in both eyes.…”

Section: Definitions and Subgroups Of The Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Spherical Equivalent Refraction and Annual Myopia Progression Rate in Chinese Schoolchildren Based on Random Forest Model

Guo

Luo

Lin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Purpose To establish a machine learning (ML) model for predicting future spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and its annual progression rate in Chinese schoolchildren. Methods A total of 23,832 participants were analyzed, including 12,514 females and 11,318 males. The follow-up visits were conducted between February 2008 and June 2021. The SER value at a specific future time point was predicted based on the results of at least two cycloplegic refraction measurements. The prediction model was established using a random forest (RF) model. A five-fold cross-validation was used to select the parameters and train an optimal RF model for prediction. Axial position, SER values, and age were selected as predictors. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean squared error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results The RF algorithm had a great advantage in the detection of high myopia, with an R2 value of 0.944 in the training datasets. The established model achieved clinically acceptable predictions of SER values at a specific future time point. For the performance of the algorithm, the R2 achieved 0.994 in the training datasets, and 0.963 in the validation datasets, respectively. For the testing datasets, the MAE, MSE, and R2 achieved 0.489, 0.502, and 0.964 for the entire population, respectively. Conclusions Our ML model performs well in the prediction of SER and myopia progression in Chinese schoolchildren. Random forest algorithm has potential advantages in the detection of high myopia and thus provides evidence for precise individual intervention and control of myopia.

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“…Preschoolers have a serious problem of hyperopia reserve de ciency, accounting for about 20% of the population, meaning that they will face the challenge of myopia in the following school years. .This gap of hyperopia reserve can not be ignored, although the data used in this paper with non-cycloplegia data will make the data higher slightly [16].Suzhou, China is an economically developed area, and there is a correlation between economy and vision, especially myopia [17].Therefore, we should pay more attention to the development of children's farsightedness reserves in such areas. About the de ciencies, this paper uses non-cycloplegia data, but the tracking sample size is large, and it is queue data, so the results still have strong reference value.…”

Section: Watch Out For Sharp Changes In Early Hyperopia Reservementioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of hyperopia reserve and other eye parameters among Chinese children aged 3-6 years old

Wang¹,

Zhu²,

Xu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose Track refractive changes in preschool children to explore the characteristics of refractive changes, further delineate refractive status and provide data for the prevention of refractive errors in preschool children. Methods The refractive data of 26,528 preschoolers in 2021 and 16383 ones lasting for 2 years(2020 and 2021) aged 3–6 years were collected from different kindergartens in Suzhou High-tech Zone for the study(Until 23 July 2021). The refractive data of every participant was measured with the Welch Allyn Spot on non-cycloplegic refraction. A follow-up for all the included participants was performed. The spherical equivalent change was calculated, subsequently, the characteristics related to the change were performed. Results The chi-square test of 26528 preschoolers in 2021 showed a higher prevalence of hyperopia in boys (χ2 = 4.299, P = 0.038), and a higher prevalence of hyperopia reserve deficiency in boys (χ2 = 11.987, P = 0.001). And there are the trends for myopia (χ2 = 26.398, P < 0.001), astigmatism (χ2 = 58.838, P < 0.001), hyperopia reserve deficiency (χ2 = 24.290, P < 0.001) to increase with age. Trackable data shows the incidence of refractive errors (= Number of new patients in 2021/number of non-patients in 2020). After Chi-square that the incidence of hyperopia, astigmatism and myopia was statistically different at different ages and the incidence of the three at 5 years-old are at the high level. The further analysis of the newly developed people with hyperopia reserve deficiency shows the decline rate of hyperopia reserve has slowed down with age, the rate of decline of 2–3 and 3–4 are faster than 4-5and 5–6 significantly. Conclusion In preschool, boys possess higher hyperopia than girls; and, as age increases, but the increase rate of hyperopia reserve deficiency for girls is faster with the growth of age. There were the special incidence of hyperopia and astigmatism at 5 years old. And we should watch out for sharp changes in early hyperopia reserve. At the same time, the serious lack of hyperopia reserve(19%) of children in Suzhou also sounded an alarm for myopia prevention.

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Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China

Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China

Prediction of Spherical Equivalent Refraction and Annual Myopia Progression Rate in Chinese Schoolchildren Based on Random Forest Model

Changes of hyperopia reserve and other eye parameters among Chinese children aged 3-6 years old

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