Prevalence of Neuroendocrine Tumors in the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Systems

Abstract

Context: Diverticula are acquired or congenital outpouchings of the gastrointestinal tract, normally occurring at points of weakness in the wall of the alimentary canal. They can be present at any point from the esophagus to the anus, with colonic diverticulosis accounting for the majority of cases. While often asymptomatic, diverticula of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are clinically significant due to potential life-threatening complications. Familiarity with key epidemiologic, etiologic, clinical, imaging, and therapeutic features of various diverticula is therefore important. This review is meant to serve as a concise guide highlighting the distribution, epidemiology, presentation, classic imaging findings, and treatment for the spectrum of GI diverticula. Evidence Acquisition: We reviewed the fluoroscopic, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the most commonly encountered GI diverticula. Diverticula that are anatomically adjacent often share features such as symptomatology, optimal diagnostic imaging modality, and management. Thus, we categorized them by location along the GI tract. Esophageal (Zenker's, Killian-Jamieson, midthoracic, epiphrenic), false and true gastric, small bowel (duodenal, jejunoileal, and Meckel's), and large bowel (appendiceal, cecal, ascending/descending/sigmoid colonic) diverticula are discussed. Results and Conclusions: Although commonly incidental, diverticula of the GI tract can be clinically significant due to complications. This pictorial essay describes the epidemiologic, etiologic, clinical, and therapeutic features as well as imaging findings associated with the range of GI diverticula encountered in clinical practice.

Appendicular Neuroendocrine Tumours: An Unusual Cause of Hydronephrosis

“…They can also occur in uncommon places such as the biliary system, prostate, breast, head, neck, and even the spinal cord [2]. NETs can also occur in the skin, breast, bladder, and kidneys, but these sites are considered uncommon for this kind of tumour [3]. The varied distribution of NETs across several anatomical regions emphasises the diversity of these tumours and the requirement for thorough diagnostic and therapeutic strategies customised to each particular location.…”