Prevalence of Obesity: A Public Health Problem Poorly Understood

Nicklas, Theresa A.; O’Neil, Carol E.

doi:10.3934/publichealth.2014.2.109

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Over the last decades, obesity has become a major epidemic in most industrialized countries, with extensive consequences for their health care systems [5]. This is exemplified by the fact that the percentage of children and adults with overweight has doubled, and even tripled in adolescents over the last three decades [6]. Obesity, commonly defined by the body mass index (BMI), is induced by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

Ritter

Kreis

Louwen

et al. 2020

IJMS

119

122

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The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading worldwide and is becoming a major public health crisis. Increasing evidence demonstrates a strong correlation between obesity and the COVID-19 disease. We have summarized recent studies and addressed the impact of obesity on COVID-19 in terms of hospitalization, severity, mortality, and patient outcome. We discuss the potential molecular mechanisms whereby obesity contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to obesity-related deregulated immune response, chronic inflammation, endothelium imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, and its associated comorbidities, dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells/adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells may also play crucial roles in fueling systemic inflammation contributing to the cytokine storm and promoting pulmonary fibrosis causing lung functional failure, characteristic of severe COVID-19. Moreover, obesity may also compromise motile cilia on airway epithelial cells and impair functioning of the mucociliary escalators, reducing the clearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Obese diseased adipose tissues overexpress the receptors and proteases for the SARS-CoV-2 entry, implicating its possible roles as virus reservoir and accelerator reinforcing violent systemic inflammation and immune response. Finally, anti-inflammatory cytokines like anti-interleukin 6 and administration of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells may serve as potential immune modulatory therapies for supportively combating COVID-19. Obesity is conversely related to the development of COVID-19 through numerous molecular mechanisms and individuals with obesity belong to the COVID-19-susceptible population requiring more protective measures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

Ritter

Kreis

Louwen

et al. 2020

IJMS

119

122

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show abstract

“…7 Adipose tissue biology is an essential factor affecting CVDs, 10 while obesitya generally acknowledged social phenomenon, as well as one of the key public health issues. 11,12 One of the most commonly applied, severe measures of obesity is body mass index (BMI). Given the scale of the problem, the determination of overweight and obesity thresholds based on BMI was deemed essential in terms of public health considerations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Optimal Body Fat Percentage Cut-Off Values in Predicting the Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study</p>

Macek¹,

Biskup²,

Terek-Derszniak³

et al. 2020

DMSO

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Background: Reliable obesity assessment is essential in evaluating the risk of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Non-availability of clearly defined cutoffs for body fat percentage (BF%), as well as a widespread application of surrogate measures for obesity assessment, may result in incorrect prediction of cardio-metabolic risk. Purpose: The study aimed to determine optimal cutoff points for BF%, with a view of predicting the CRFs related to obesity. Patients and Methods: The study involved 4735 (33.6% of men) individuals, the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) participants, aged 45-64. BF% was measured with the aid of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The gender-specific cutoffs of BF% were found with respect to at least one CRF. A P-value approach, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were pursued for BF% cutoffs , which optimally differentiated normal from the risk groups. The associations between BF% and CRFs were determined by logistic regression models. Results: The cutoffs for BF% were established as 25.8% for men and 37.1% for women. With the exception of dyslipidemia, in men and women whose BF% was above the cutoffs , the odds for developing CRFs ranged 2-4 times higher than those whose BF% was below the cutoffs. Conclusion: Controlling BF% below the thresholds indicating an increased health hazard may be instrumental in appreciably reducing overall exposure to developing cardiometabolic risk.

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“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put into evidence another pandemic – obesity, an increasing threat to societies around the world. 1 The first studies of COVID-19 did not provide body mass index (BMI) data, 2 and the association between disease severity and obesity was not perceived initially. Subsequent data from several countries, however, cast light on this association, 3 , 4 and several studies have documented the association between obesity and COVID-19 severity.…”

Section: Obesity Covid-19 and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity-Related Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Impact on Disease Severity

Lorenzo¹,

Estato²,

Castro‐Faria‐Neto³

et al. 2021

JIR

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put into evidence another pandemic – obesity. Currently, several studies have documented the association between obesity and COVID-19 severity. The mechanisms underlying the increased risk of complications and mortality in obese patients with COVID-19 are of diverse nature. Inflammation plays a central role in obesity. Metabolic alterations seen in obese patients are related to an inflammatory response, and several studies report elevated levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines in obese patients. Also, deregulated expression of adipokines, such as leptin and resistin, increase the expression of vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 that contribute to increased vascular leukocyte adhesiveness and additional oxidative stress. Additionally, it is now recognized that the chronic impairment of systemic vascular endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, including obesity, when intensified by the detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2 over the endothelium, may explain their worse outcomes in COVID-19. In fact, vascular endothelial dysfunction may contribute to a unfavorable response of the endothelium to the infection by SARS-CoV-2, whereas alterations in cardiac structure and function and the prothrombotic environment in obesity may also provide a link to the increased cardiovascular events in these patients.

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Prevalence of Obesity: A Public Health Problem Poorly Understood

Cited by 9 publications

References 81 publications

Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

<p>Optimal Body Fat Percentage Cut-Off Values in Predicting the Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study</p>

Obesity-Related Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Impact on Disease Severity

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